W9.82975, {{#t:3,411685703,Will Beback}}{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}{{#t:3,411560419,90.221.108.221}} {{#t:3,411560419,90.221.108.221}}{{Infobox Political party | party_name = Muslim Brotherhood | name_native = الإخوان المسلمون''
Al-Ikhwān Al-Muslimūn |party_logo= [[Image:Muslim Brotherhood Emblem.jpg|150px|Conservative Party logo]] | colorcode = #009900 | leader = [[Mohammed Badie]] | chairman = | spokesperson = | foundation = 1929
[[Ismailia]], [[Egypt]] | ideology = [[Islamism]],
[[Pan-Islamism]],
[[Islamist democracy]],
[[Qutbism]] | headquarters = | international = |website = [http://www.ikhwanweb.com www.ikhwanweb.com] }}{{#t:3,106117559,VincentG}} {{#t:3,106117559,VincentG}}The {{#t:3,51610887,Lakhim}}Society of {{#t:4,18623039,Beroul}}the {{#t:5,12560298,Hajor}}Muslim {{#t:5,29498879,Chaosfeary}}Brothers {{#t:5,410532199,Cybercobra}}(often {{#t:6,18623039,Beroul}}simply {{#t:7,18623039,Beroul}}الإخوان {{#t:8,31502053,Beroul}}Al-Ikhwān, {{#t:9,209132362,Reywas92}}The Brotherhood or MB{{#t:9,117383712,Aaliyah Stevens}}) {{#t:8,18623039,Beroul}}is {{#t:8,387098114,Marokwitz}}an {{#t:9,396191080,Meph1986}}[[Islamist]]{{#t:8,224410764,BoogaLouie}} transnational movement {{#t:9,224410764,BoogaLouie}}and the largest {{#t:8,224410764,BoogaLouie}}political opposition {{#t:6,224410764,BoogaLouie}}organization {{#t:5,224410764,BoogaLouie}}in {{#t:4,224410764,BoogaLouie}}many {{#t:3,398385255,Spkfank1}}[[Arab World|Arab states]]{{#t:3,224410764,BoogaLouie}}. The {{#t:4,398148658,Lihaas}}group {{#t:6,398148658,Lihaas}}is {{#t:7,398148658,Lihaas}}the {{#t:7,224410764,BoogaLouie}}world's oldest {{#t:8,224410764,BoogaLouie}}and {{#t:7,224410764,BoogaLouie}}largest {{#t:6,278335062,Haberstr}}[[Islamism|Islamic political]]{{#t:3,127053017,KazakhPol}} group,{{#t:3,411643223,AnomieBOT}}[http://www.ikhwanweb.com/Home.asp?zPage=Systems&System=PressR&Press=Show&Lang=E&ID=6674 The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood], Robert S. Leiken & Steven Brooke, ''Foreign Affairs Magazine''{{#t:3,398148658,Lihaas}} and {{#t:6,398148658,Lihaas}}the {{#t:7,398148658,Lihaas}}"world's {{#t:8,398148658,Lihaas}}most influential Islamist {{#t:9,398148658,Lihaas}}movement."{{#t:9,398148658,Lihaas}}http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/2010/11/2010111681527837704.html{{#t:8,363119408,Oxymoroniclogic}} It {{#t:9,363119408,Oxymoroniclogic}}was founded in {{#t:8,363119408,Oxymoroniclogic}}1928 {{#t:7,363119408,Oxymoroniclogic}}in {{#t:6,363119408,Oxymoroniclogic}}[[Egypt]]{{#t:4,363119408,Oxymoroniclogic}} by the {{#t:4,410970623,81.106.81.37}}Islamic scholar and {{#t:4,410970623,81.106.81.37}}[[Sufi]]{{#t:4,363119408,Oxymoroniclogic}} schoolteacher {{#t:4,396191080,Meph1986}}[[Hassan al-Banna]]{{#t:9,224410764,BoogaLouie}}. {{#t:9,224410764,BoogaLouie}}The Brotherhood's stated {{#t:10,224410764,BoogaLouie}}goal is {{#t:10,136856745,Leroy65X}}to instill the {{#t:10,136856745,Leroy65X}}[[Qur'an]]{{#t:10,136856745,Leroy65X}} and {{#t:10,136856745,Leroy65X}}[[Sunnah]]{{#t:10,136856745,Leroy65X}} as the "sole reference point for ... ordering the life {{#t:10,98595344,Test2return}}of the Muslim {{#t:10,136856745,Leroy65X}}family, individual, {{#t:10,138309062,Rjwilmsi}}community ... {{#t:10,205708238,MantisEars}}and {{#t:9,205708238,MantisEars}}state".{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.ikhwanweb.com/Home.asp?zPage=Systems&System=PressR&Press=Show&Lang=E&ID=4584|title=Principles of the Muslim Brotherhood}}{{#t:9,84893431,Habitual gardner}} Since {{#t:10,84893431,Habitual gardner}}its inception in {{#t:10,86765634,Bassemkhalifa}}1928 the movement {{#t:10,86879111,71.213.144.84}}has {{#t:10,118342395,Leroy65X}}officially {{#t:10,117383712,Aaliyah Stevens}}opposed violent {{#t:10,114166564,Leroy65X}}means {{#t:10,84893431,Habitual gardner}}to achieve {{#t:10,126793264,66.171.181.53}}its {{#t:9,117383712,Aaliyah Stevens}}goals,{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|date=February 6, 2007 |title=Egyptian Regime Resasserts Its Absolute Disrespect of Law |url=http://www.ikhwanweb.com/Article.asp?ID=2496&SectionID=77}}{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.ikhwanweb.com/lib/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt.doc|title=History of Muslim Brotherhood Movement Homepage}}{{#t:9,117332003,Leroy65X}} with {{#t:10,117332003,Leroy65X}}some exceptions such as in {{#t:9,117340242,Leroy65X}}the {{#t:9,127053017,KazakhPol}}[[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]]{{#t:9,118342395,Leroy65X}} or {{#t:8,118342395,Leroy65X}}to {{#t:6,118342395,Leroy65X}}overthrow {{#t:4,118342395,Leroy65X}}secular {{#t:4,128243275,Leroy65X}}[[Ba'athist]]{{#t:4,411365882,81.106.81.37}} dictators in {{#t:4,411365882,81.106.81.37}}[[Syria]]{{#t:4,411365882,81.106.81.37}} where {{#t:4,411387050,66.241.132.226}}they {{#t:4,411365882,81.106.81.37}}were routinely {{#t:4,411391706,216.40.143.232}}massacred (see {{#t:4,411365882,81.106.81.37}}[[Hama massacre]]{{#t:4,411365882,81.106.81.37}}). Jeremy Bowen, {{#t:4,411365882,81.106.81.37}}[[BBC]]{{#t:4,411365882,81.106.81.37}} {{#t:4,411365882,81.106.81.37}}[[Middle East]]{{#t:4,411365882,81.106.81.37}} {{#t:4,411365882,81.106.81.37}}[[editor]]{{#t:4,411365882,81.106.81.37}}, says "Unlike the jihadis, it does not believe it is at war with the West. It {{#t:3,411365882,81.106.81.37}}is conservative and non-violent,"{{#t:3,411686818,Wikifan12345}}http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12325128{{#t:3,411365882,81.106.81.37}} and "untested in government and poorly understood - especially in the West"{{#t:3,411686818,Wikifan12345}}http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12326297{{#t:3,117332003,Leroy65X}}. This position {{#t:5,117332003,Leroy65X}}has {{#t:6,117332003,Leroy65X}}been {{#t:6,117340242,Leroy65X}}questioned, {{#t:6,136851503,Leroy65X}}particularly {{#t:4,50682557,Arre}}by {{#t:3,50682557,Arre}}the {{#t:3,411365882,81.106.81.37}}[[Nationalist]]{{#t:3,411365882,81.106.81.37}} {{#t:3,411365882,81.106.81.37}}[[Secularist]]{{#t:3,411579460,Hobart}} {{#t:3,411579460,Hobart}}[[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]]{{#t:3,411365882,81.106.81.37}} Egyptian government currently headed {{#t:4,411365882,81.106.81.37}}by {{#t:4,411365882,81.106.81.37}}[[Hosni Mubarak]]{{#t:4,278336010,Haberstr}}, which {{#t:5,278336010,Haberstr}}accused {{#t:7,278336010,Haberstr}}the {{#t:8,278336010,Haberstr}}group {{#t:9,114166564,Leroy65X}}of a campaign of killings {{#t:8,114166564,Leroy65X}}in {{#t:7,114166564,Leroy65X}}Egypt {{#t:5,117340242,Leroy65X}}after {{#t:4,128243275,Leroy65X}}[[World War II]]{{#t:4,411365882,81.106.81.37}} to oppose British rule.{{#t:4,252755925,Rjwilmsi}}Chamieh, Jebran, Traditionalists, Militants and Liberal in Present Islam, Research and Publishing House, [[1994?]], p.140{{#t:10,76129091,69.22.20.173}} {{#t:10,76129091,69.22.20.173}}The Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,360367069,Macai}}is banned in {{#t:10,360367069,Macai}}[[Egypt]]{{#t:10,360367069,Macai}}, and {{#t:10,117072359,Aaliyah Stevens}}members {{#t:10,224410764,BoogaLouie}}have been {{#t:10,360367069,Macai}}arrested for their participation in it.{{#t:10,381357991,Gobonobo}}[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6364689.stm Egyptian Brotherhood mass arrests]{{#t:10,360367069,Macai}} As a means of circumventing the {{#t:9,360367069,Macai}}ban, supporters run {{#t:8,360367069,Macai}}for {{#t:7,360367069,Macai}}office {{#t:6,360367069,Macai}}as {{#t:4,398385466,Spkfank1}}[[Independent (politician)|independents]]{{#t:4,360367069,Macai}}.{{#t:4,360367069,Macai}}[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4453674.stm BBC: Scores arrested in Egypt election]{{#t:4,111936771,Leroy65X}} {{#t:4,111936771,Leroy65X}}The {{#t:4,360359873,Dmyersturnbull}}Brotherhood condemned {{#t:6,360359873,Dmyersturnbull}}terrorism {{#t:7,360359873,Dmyersturnbull}}and {{#t:8,360359873,Dmyersturnbull}}the {{#t:9,360359873,Dmyersturnbull}}[[9/11]]{{#t:9,360359873,Dmyersturnbull}} attacks,{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.unc.edu/~kurzman/terror.htm|title=Muslim Brother Hood Condemns 9/11 attack}}{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://ztruth.typepad.com/ztruth/2008/08/top-leader-of-the-muslim-brotherhood-calls-america-as-the-worlds-terrorism-leader.html|title=Muslim Brother Hood Condemns 9/11 attack and calls U.S the world leader in terrorism}}{{#t:9,360359873,Dmyersturnbull}} but whether {{#t:10,360359873,Dmyersturnbull}}or not it has ties to terrorism {{#t:10,111936771,Leroy65X}}is a matter of {{#t:9,360359873,Dmyersturnbull}}dispute.{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9248/|title=Does the Muslim Brotherhood Have Ties to Terrorism|last=Crane|first=Mary|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations}}{{#t:9,261707000,BoogaLouie}} Its {{#t:10,261707000,BoogaLouie}}position on violence {{#t:10,117340242,Leroy65X}}has {{#t:10,173059891,Twalls}}also {{#t:10,117332003,Leroy65X}}caused {{#t:10,86765634,Bassemkhalifa}}disputes {{#t:10,84893431,Habitual gardner}}within the movement, {{#t:10,136851076,Leroy65X}}with {{#t:10,278339140,Haberstr}}advocates of violence {{#t:10,136851503,Leroy65X}}at times {{#t:10,136851076,Leroy65X}}breaking away to form {{#t:10,84893431,Habitual gardner}}groups {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}such as the {{#t:10,84893431,Habitual gardner}}[[Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya]]{{#t:10,84893431,Habitual gardner}} (The Islamic Group) and {{#t:10,84893431,Habitual gardner}}[[Al Takfir Wal Hijra]]{{#t:10,84893431,Habitual gardner}} (Excommunication and Migration).{{#t:10,336226353,Rjwilmsi}}[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/special/sala.html The Salafist Movement], ''[[Frontline (PBS)]]{{#t:10,84616470,Didsbury}} {{#t:10,84616470,Didsbury}}Among {{#t:10,117332003,Leroy65X}}the Brotherhood's more influential {{#t:10,84616470,Didsbury}}members {{#t:10,117383712,Aaliyah Stevens}}was {{#t:10,114168071,Leroy65X}}[[Sayyid Qutb]]{{#t:10,155417439,MezzoMezzo}}. Qutb {{#t:10,129588157,Leroy65X}}was the {{#t:10,114168071,Leroy65X}}author of {{#t:10,36962765,66.186.131.209}}one of {{#t:10,158980233,BoogaLouie}}[[Islamism]]{{#t:10,158980233,BoogaLouie}}'s {{#t:10,76142035,69.22.20.173}}most important {{#t:10,117383712,Aaliyah Stevens}}books, {{#t:10,114168071,Leroy65X}}[[Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq|''Milestones'']]{{#t:10,118350173,Leroy65X}}, which called for the restoration of Islam by {{#t:10,114168071,Leroy65X}}re-establishing {{#t:10,128818793,196.205.132.16}}the {{#t:10,128818793,196.205.132.16}}[[Sharia]]{{#t:10,118350173,Leroy65X}} and by using "physical power and {{#t:10,118350173,Leroy65X}}[[Jihad]]{{#t:10,118350173,Leroy65X}} for abolishing the organizations and authorities {{#t:9,118350173,Leroy65X}}of the {{#t:9,276741476,Ian Pitchford}}[[Jahiliyya|Jahili]]{{#t:8,118350173,Leroy65X}} system, which {{#t:9,114168071,Leroy65X}}he believed to {{#t:9,118350173,Leroy65X}}include {{#t:9,98595344,Test2return}}the entire Muslim {{#t:8,98595344,Test2return}}world. {{#t:8,395578199,94.187.101.61}}The book also reveals that Qutb no longer held the Brotherhood's ideas and that he was closer to the ideas of {{#t:8,395578199,94.187.101.61}}[[Hizb ut-Tahrir]]{{#t:8,395578199,94.187.101.61}}, which is concluded in the introduction and {{#t:8,395578314,94.187.101.61}}dedication of {{#t:8,395578199,94.187.101.61}}the book".{{#t:8,118350173,Leroy65X}}Qutb, Sayyid, ''Milestones'', (1981) p.55, 62{{#t:8,122064421,Leroy65X}}{{#t:8,122064421,Leroy65X}}Qutb, Sayyid, ''Milestones'', (1981) p.11, 19{{#t:9,76142035,69.22.20.173}} While studying {{#t:10,76142035,69.22.20.173}}at {{#t:10,122064421,Leroy65X}}university, {{#t:10,122064421,Leroy65X}}[[Osama bin Laden]]{{#t:10,242553033,68.219.140.228}} claimed to have been {{#t:10,122064421,Leroy65X}}influenced by the {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}religious and political {{#t:10,117383712,Aaliyah Stevens}}ideas of {{#t:10,76142035,69.22.20.173}}several professors with strong ties to {{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}}the Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,155417439,MezzoMezzo}}including both {{#t:10,360368225,Macai}}[[Sayyid Qutb]]{{#t:10,155417439,MezzoMezzo}} and his brother {{#t:10,155417439,MezzoMezzo}}[[Muhammad Qutb]]{{#t:9,339140934,Madesinasia}}. However, once {{#t:8,339140934,Madesinasia}}[[Al Qaeda]]{{#t:7,339140934,Madesinasia}} was {{#t:5,339140934,Madesinasia}}fully {{#t:4,339140934,Madesinasia}}organized, {{#t:4,410799751,95.149.61.80}}it {{#t:4,339140934,Madesinasia}}denounced {{#t:5,339140934,Madesinasia}}the {{#t:7,354390357,Rjwilmsi}}Muslim {{#t:8,387098407,Marokwitz}}Brotherhood's {{#t:8,339140934,Madesinasia}}reform {{#t:9,339140934,Madesinasia}}through nonviolence {{#t:10,339140934,Madesinasia}}and accused them of "betraying the cause of Islam and abandoning their 'jihad' in favour of forming political parties and supporting modern state {{#t:10,353569557,Vvarkey}}institutions".{{#t:10,354390357,Rjwilmsi}}[http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=22699 "Muslim Brotherhood vs Al Qaeda"] January 19, 2010{{#t:10,346596966,FrescoBot}}{{#t:10,346596966,FrescoBot}}[http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefambexecbureaurejectubltape1207.pdf "MB Chief Criticism"] Dec. 30 2007{{#t:10,155417439,MezzoMezzo}} {{#t:10,155417439,MezzoMezzo}}The Brotherhood {{#t:10,117072359,Aaliyah Stevens}}is {{#t:10,87672773,Habitual gardner}}financed by contributions from its members, who are required to allocate {{#t:10,353569557,Vvarkey}}a {{#t:10,87672773,Habitual gardner}}portion of their income to the movement. {{#t:10,322290854,Kray0n}}Some {{#t:10,87672773,Habitual gardner}}of these contributions {{#t:10,353569557,Vvarkey}}are {{#t:10,322290854,Kray0n}}from members who {{#t:10,353569557,Vvarkey}}live {{#t:10,87672773,Habitual gardner}}in oil-rich countries.{{#t:10,200061664,Lemmey}}[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A12823-2004Sep10.html In Search Of Friends Among The Foes U.S. Hopes to Work With Diverse Group]{{#t:10,96804057,Publicus}} =={{#t:10,96804057,Publicus}}Beliefs== {{#t:10,326018502,Globera}}{{Islamism sidebar}}{{#t:9,136842571,Leroy65X}} {{#t:9,136842571,Leroy65X}}In {{#t:9,155418106,MezzoMezzo}}the {{#t:8,155418106,MezzoMezzo}}group's {{#t:8,136842571,Leroy65X}}belief, {{#t:6,50682557,Arre}}the {{#t:5,399831556,Pgan002}}[[Quran]]{{#t:5,399831556,Pgan002}} and {{#t:5,410544904,121.45.155.170}}[[Sunnah]]{{#t:5,137762090,Leroy65X}} constitute {{#t:5,50682557,Arre}}a {{#t:7,50682557,Arre}}perfect {{#t:8,50682557,Arre}}way {{#t:9,50682557,Arre}}of life {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}and social {{#t:10,115072882,Leroy65X}}and political {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}organization {{#t:10,137762090,Leroy65X}}that {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}[[Islamic concept of God|God]]{{#t:10,50682557,Arre}} has set out {{#t:10,137762090,Leroy65X}}for man. {{#t:10,136842571,Leroy65X}}[[Islamic State|Islamic governments]]{{#t:10,136842571,Leroy65X}} must be based {{#t:10,137762090,Leroy65X}}on this system {{#t:10,136842571,Leroy65X}}and {{#t:9,111332746,Aaliyah Stevens}}eventually unified {{#t:8,111332746,Aaliyah Stevens}}in {{#t:7,136842571,Leroy65X}}a {{#t:5,136842571,Leroy65X}}[[Caliphate]]{{#t:4,137762090,Leroy65X}}. The {{#t:4,410777032,158.143.65.180}}Muslim Brotherhood's {{#t:4,53585195,69.171.124.241}}goal, {{#t:5,53585195,69.171.124.241}}as {{#t:7,53585195,69.171.124.241}}stated {{#t:8,53585195,69.171.124.241}}by {{#t:9,114170935,Leroy65X}}Brotherhood {{#t:9,53585195,69.171.124.241}}founder {{#t:10,62731654,69.140.65.251}}[[Hassan al-Banna]]{{#t:10,53585195,69.171.124.241}} was {{#t:10,114170935,Leroy65X}}to reclaim {{#t:10,53585195,69.171.124.241}}Islam’s manifest destiny, an {{#t:9,53585195,69.171.124.241}}empire, {{#t:9,336366326,JohnSawyer}}stretching {{#t:8,53585195,69.171.124.241}}from {{#t:8,399831556,Pgan002}}[[Spain]]{{#t:8,356187276,Epeefleche}} to {{#t:9,356187276,Epeefleche}}[[Indonesia]]{{#t:9,371393051,FrescoBot}}.{{#t:9,371393051,FrescoBot}}Davidson, Lawrence (1998) ''Islamic Fundamentalism'' Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn., ISBN 0-313-29978-1 pp. 97–98;{{#t:9,50682557,Arre}} It {{#t:10,115072882,Leroy65X}}preaches {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}that Islam enjoins man to strive for social justice, the eradication of poverty and corruption, and political {{#t:10,137762090,Leroy65X}}freedom {{#t:10,173059891,Twalls}}to the extent allowed by {{#t:10,114170935,Leroy65X}}the laws of Islam. The Brotherhood {{#t:10,106397243,Leroy65X}}strongly opposes {{#t:10,115072882,Leroy65X}}Western {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}[[colonialism]]{{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}, and {{#t:10,114170935,Leroy65X}}helped overthrow the pro-{{#t:10,114170935,Leroy65X}}[[Western world|western]]{{#t:10,115072882,Leroy65X}} monarchies {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}in Egypt and other Muslim {{#t:10,68965863,Kitrus}}nations {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}during the early 20th century. {{#t:7,409362046,SimonATL}}An important belief on the part of intellectuals who have assisted the organization is the reemergence {{#t:6,409362046,SimonATL}}of Islamic Civilization because {{#t:5,409362046,SimonATL}}Western Civilization is {{#t:4,410630202,216.227.89.35}}perceived to be in {{#t:4,409362046,SimonATL}}decline; in the words of {{#t:4,411455217,68.110.118.224}}a {{#t:4,409362634,SimonATL}}2007 essay, {{#t:4,409362046,SimonATL}}"More {{#t:5,409362046,SimonATL}}than forty {{#t:6,409362046,SimonATL}}years ago the premise {{#t:7,409362046,SimonATL}}was made clear: The period of the Western system has come to an end primarily because it is deprived of those life-giving values, which enabled it {{#t:7,106405484,Leroy65X}}to be the {{#t:6,409362046,SimonATL}}leader of mankind." As {{#t:6,409362286,SimonATL}}[[Sayyid Qutb]]{{#t:6,409362046,SimonATL}}, an Islamic intellectual and supporter {{#t:7,76138206,69.22.20.173}}of the Brotherhood {{#t:7,409362046,SimonATL}}wrote in his 1963 book, Milestones, (Ma'alim fi al-Tariq), "The leadership of mankind by Western man is now on the decline, not because Western culture has become poor materially or because its economic and military power has become weak. The period of the Western system has come to an end primarily because it is deprived of those life-giving values, which enabled it {{#t:7,106405484,Leroy65X}}to be the {{#t:7,409362046,SimonATL}}leader of mankind. It is necessary for the new leadership to preserve and develop the material fruits of the creative genius of Europe, and also to provide mankind with such high ideals and values as have so far remained undiscovered by mankind, and which will also acquaint humanity with a {{#t:7,50682557,Arre}}way of life {{#t:7,409362046,SimonATL}}which is harmonious with human nature, which is positive and constructive, and which is practicable. {{#t:7,391175779,Quigley1993}}Islam {{#t:6,391175779,Quigley1993}}is {{#t:7,391175779,Quigley1993}}the {{#t:7,409362046,SimonATL}}only System which possesses these values and this {{#t:7,50682557,Arre}}way of life. {{#t:7,409362046,SimonATL}} http://www.think-israel.org/jan07bloged.html {{#t:10,136842571,Leroy65X}} {{#t:10,136842571,Leroy65X}}On the issue of women and gender {{#t:10,137762090,Leroy65X}}the {{#t:10,155418106,MezzoMezzo}}Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:9,136842571,Leroy65X}}interprets Islam {{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}}conservatively. {{#t:9,115072882,Leroy65X}}Its founder {{#t:10,115072882,Leroy65X}}called for "a campaign against ostentation in dress and loose behavior," "segregation of male and female {{#t:10,118342755,Leroy65X}}students," {{#t:10,115072882,Leroy65X}}a separate {{#t:10,138959543,213.78.73.237}}curriculum {{#t:10,115072882,Leroy65X}}for {{#t:10,117383712,Aaliyah Stevens}}girls, {{#t:10,115072882,Leroy65X}}and "the prohibition of dancing and other such pastimes..."{{#t:10,371393051,FrescoBot}}In his tract, "Toward the Light" in ''Five Tracts of Hasan al-Banna'', trans. by Charles Wendell (Berkeley, 1978), ISBN 0-520-09584-7 pp.126f., al-Banna writes: "Following are the principal goals of reform grounded on the spirit of genuine Islam... Treatment of the problem of women in a way which combines the progressive and the protective, in accordance with Islamic teaching, so that this problem – one of the most important social problems – will not be abandoned to the biased pens and deviant notions of those who err in the directions of deficiency and excess... a campaign against ostentation in dress and loose behaviour; the instruction of women in what is proper, with particular strictness as regards female instructors, pupils, physicians, and students, and all those in similar categories... a review of the curricula offered to girls and the necessity of making them distinct from the boys' curricula in many stages of education... segregation of male and female students; private meetings between men and women, unless within the permitted degrees of relationship, to be counted as a crime for which both will be censured... the encouragement of marriage and procreation, by all possible means; promulgation of legislation to protect and give moral support to the family, and to solve the problems of marriage... the closure of morally undesirable ballrooms and dance-halls, and the prohibition of dancing and other such pastimes..."{{#t:10,158980233,BoogaLouie}} {{#t:10,158980233,BoogaLouie}}The MB is a movement, not {{#t:10,140513294,202.1.192.1}}a political party, {{#t:10,158980233,BoogaLouie}}but {{#t:10,261707000,BoogaLouie}}members have {{#t:10,158980233,BoogaLouie}}created political parties {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}in several countries, such as the {{#t:10,158980233,BoogaLouie}}Islamic Action Front in Jordan and {{#t:10,268014969,221.188.68.228}}[[Hamas]]{{#t:10,158980233,BoogaLouie}} in {{#t:10,263810566,Fipplet}}[[Gaza]]{{#t:10,263810566,Fipplet}} and the {{#t:10,263810566,Fipplet}}[[West Bank]]{{#t:10,158980233,BoogaLouie}}. These parties are staffed by Brotherhood members but kept independent from the MB {{#t:9,158980233,BoogaLouie}}to some {{#t:8,158980233,BoogaLouie}}degree, {{#t:8,395583400,94.187.101.61}}unlike {{#t:8,395583400,94.187.101.61}}[[Hizb ut-Tahrir]]{{#t:8,395583400,94.187.101.61}} which is highly centralized.{{#t:8,158980233,BoogaLouie}}''The Future of Political Islam,'' Graham E. Fuller, Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p.138{{#t:4,207592256,BertVorenk}} =={{#t:4,407453952,72.79.99.246}}Organization== {{#t:4,410780840,71.170.92.77}}The {{#t:4,206267668,BertVorenk}}Transcripts{{#t:4,206260283,BertVorenk}}Zeid al-Noman, [http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/HLF/IkhwanAmerica.pdf "Ikhwan in America"], p. 15-16{{#t:5,206253223,81.207.161.15}} the {{#t:7,206253223,81.207.161.15}}following {{#t:8,208070807,BertVorenk}}hierarchical {{#t:9,206253223,81.207.161.15}}Organisation structure can {{#t:10,206253223,81.207.161.15}}be derived: *{{#t:10,206253223,81.207.161.15}}The {{#t:10,206267511,BertVorenk}}General Organisational Conference is the highest body of the {{#t:10,206267511,BertVorenk}}[[Ikhwan]]{{#t:10,206267511,BertVorenk}}s stemming from the {{#t:10,206267511,BertVorenk}}[[Ikhwan]]{{#t:10,206267511,BertVorenk}}s bases, every Usra elects one or two deputies according to its number. *{{#t:10,206253223,81.207.161.15}}The Shura {{#t:10,206267511,BertVorenk}}Council has the duties of planning, charting general policies {{#t:10,206267831,BertVorenk}}and {{#t:10,206267511,BertVorenk}}programs that achieve the goal of the Group. Its resolutions are binding to the Group and only the General Organisational Conference can modify or annul them and {{#t:10,206253223,81.207.161.15}}the Shura Office {{#t:10,206267511,BertVorenk}}has also the right to modify or annul resolutions of the Executive Office. It follows the implementation of the Group policies and programs. It directs the Executive Office and it forms dedicated branch committees to assist in that.{{#t:10,336226353,Rjwilmsi}}[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=heMyqgE_l5QC&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68&dq=ikhwan+shura+council&source=web&ots=tn32fDmdyG&sig=0SoJDcxnSU_IaZwfl-8pHvw3-sk&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result "The West and Islam"], By Mishal Fahm Sulami{{#t:10,206253223,81.207.161.15}} *{{#t:10,206253223,81.207.161.15}}Executive Office {{#t:10,206848653,BertVorenk}}(Guidance Office) {{#t:10,206253223,81.207.161.15}}with its leader the General Masul {{#t:10,206848653,BertVorenk}}(General Guide) {{#t:10,206267511,BertVorenk}}and its members, both {{#t:10,206253223,81.207.161.15}}appointed by the Shura Office, {{#t:10,206267511,BertVorenk}}has to follow up and guide the activities of the General Organisation. It submits a periodical report to the Shura Council about its work and of the {{#t:10,206679604,BertVorenk}}activity {{#t:10,206267511,BertVorenk}}of the domestic bodies and the general organisations. It distributes its duties to its members according {{#t:10,268018513,221.188.68.228}}to {{#t:10,206267511,BertVorenk}}the internal bylaws. It has the following {{#t:10,206253223,81.207.161.15}}divisions (not complete): {{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}– Executive leadership {{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}– Organisational office {{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}– Secretariat general {{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}– Education office {{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}– Political office {{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}– {{#t:10,206253223,81.207.161.15}}Sisters office {{#t:10,206253223,81.207.161.15}}In each country there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with {{#t:10,268018698,221.188.68.228}}essentially {{#t:10,206253223,81.207.161.15}}the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office has. {{#t:10,206269574,BertVorenk}}To the duties of every branch {{#t:10,268018959,221.188.68.228}}belong {{#t:10,206269574,BertVorenk}}fundraising, infiltrating in and overtaking other Muslim organisations for {{#t:10,268018959,221.188.68.228}}the {{#t:10,206269574,BertVorenk}}sake of uniting the Muslims to dedicate them to the general goals of the MB. {{#t:10,206269574,BertVorenk}}The general goals and strategic plans of the MB are only found in Arabic documents. {{#t:10,206271892,BertVorenk}}One for Europe called "The Project" {{#t:10,268019218,221.188.68.228}}was {{#t:10,206271892,BertVorenk}}found in 2001 in Switzerland, another for North America {{#t:10,268019218,221.188.68.228}}was {{#t:10,206271892,BertVorenk}}found in 2005 called {{#t:10,206496945,BertVorenk}}the {{#t:10,206271892,BertVorenk}}"General Strategic Goal for the Group in North {{#t:10,268019480,221.188.68.228}}America."{{#t:10,206496945,BertVorenk}}[http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/misc/20.pdf "General Strategic goal for North America"], original with translated memorandum{{#t:10,206496945,BertVorenk}} An evaluation of this Memorandum {{#t:10,268019480,221.188.68.228}}was made for the {{#t:10,206496945,BertVorenk}}US-Congress and {{#t:10,206497666,BertVorenk}}for {{#t:10,206496945,BertVorenk}}the Pentagon.{{#t:10,336226353,Rjwilmsi}}[http://www.investigativeproject.org/document/id/91 "Analyses of Muslim Brotherhood's General Strategic Goals for North America Memorandum"], by Stephen Coughlin September 7, 2007{{#t:10,206969893,BertVorenk}} Their influence is fast growing, {{#t:10,211626840,Optigan13}}especially {{#t:10,206969893,BertVorenk}}in Europe, but not easy to trace while the active members have to keep their membership secret. {{#t:10,206969893,BertVorenk}}One citation from the document "General Strategic Goal for the Group in North America"{{#t:10,206971515,BertVorenk}}[http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/misc/20.pdf "General Strategic goal for North America"], original with translated memorandum, page 21(7/18) par."4- Understanding the role of the Muslim Brother in North America:"{{#t:10,268019682,221.188.68.228}} makes {{#t:10,206971515,BertVorenk}}the objectives of the MB clear: "The process of settlement is a {{#t:10,223422063,Billybud989}}'Civilization-Jihadist Process' {{#t:10,206971515,BertVorenk}}with all the word means. The Ikhwan must understand that their work in America is a kind of grand Jihad in eliminating and destroying the Western civilization from within and "sabotaging" its miserable house by their hands and the hands of the believers so that it is eliminated and God's religion is made victorious over all other religions." ==={{#t:10,217630808,BoogaLouie}}Main activity-plan=== {{#t:10,206853346,BertVorenk}}The main goals on mid-term as approved by the Executive office and the Shura Council are formulated in a {{#t:9,206853346,BertVorenk}}5-year {{#t:9,217630808,BoogaLouie}}action {{#t:8,217630808,BoogaLouie}}plan {{#t:7,206853346,BertVorenk}}derived {{#t:4,206853346,BertVorenk}}from {{#t:3,206853346,BertVorenk}}transcripts. {{#t:3,411625556,70.108.237.37}}Note that the following goals are derived from a speech made in the 1980s by Zeid al-Norman - an American-based supporter of {{#t:3,149004937,Leroy65X}}the {{#t:3,155417439,MezzoMezzo}}Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:3,411625556,70.108.237.37}}and may or may not reflect the global goals of the organization:{{#t:3,206853346,BertVorenk}}Zeid al-Noman, [http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/HLF/IkhwanAmerica.pdf "Ikhwan in America"], page 8{{#t:10,217630808,BoogaLouie}} ===={{#t:10,217630808,BoogaLouie}}Primary goals==== * {{#t:10,226329779,69.177.134.252}}reinstatement of the caliphate {{#t:9,226329779,69.177.134.252}}and reunite {{#t:8,226329779,69.177.134.252}}the {{#t:7,268019966,221.188.68.228}}"{{#t:4,268019966,221.188.68.228}}[[dar el Islam]]{{#t:3,226329779,69.177.134.252}}" {{#t:3,411625556,70.108.237.37}}(Countries where Muslims are free to practice their religion) * {{#t:10,206853346,BertVorenk}}Strengthening the internal structure * {{#t:10,206853346,BertVorenk}}Administrative {{#t:10,207524897,Classicrockfan42}}discipline * {{#t:9,206853346,BertVorenk}}Recruitment {{#t:8,206853346,BertVorenk}}and {{#t:6,206853346,BertVorenk}}settlement {{#t:4,206853346,BertVorenk}}of {{#t:3,206853346,BertVorenk}}the Dawa'a {{#t:3,411625556,70.108.237.37}}(lectures and speeches about Islam) * {{#t:10,206853346,BertVorenk}}Energizing the organisations work * {{#t:10,206853346,BertVorenk}}Energizing political work fronts (e.g. in civil political organisations) ===={{#t:10,221238379,155.104.37.17}}Secondary {{#t:10,217630808,BoogaLouie}}goals==== *{{#t:10,206853346,BertVorenk}}Finance and Investment *{{#t:10,206853346,BertVorenk}}Foreign relations * {{#t:10,206853346,BertVorenk}}Reviving Woman's activity * {{#t:10,206853346,BertVorenk}}Political awareness to the members of the Group * {{#t:10,206853346,BertVorenk}}Securing the group (To find out if they are being monitored, and if, how they can get rid of them) * {{#t:10,357597190,202.152.243.90}}Dawa'ah (the lecture/speech of religion) * {{#t:10,206853346,BertVorenk}}Media {{#t:10,206853656,BertVorenk}}(influencing of and infiltration in the media) * {{#t:10,206853346,BertVorenk}}Taking advantage of human potentials (e.g. infiltration in education, civil organisations) =={{#t:8,151153465,Simon123}} In {{#t:9,151153465,Simon123}}Egypt == {{#t:10,127053017,KazakhPol}}{{Main|History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt}}{{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}} {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}[[Hassan al-Banna]]{{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}} founded {{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}}the Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,10952428,BanyanTree}}in {{#t:10,45026312,Adam Holland}}the city of {{#t:10,51080764,Arre}}[[Ismailia]]{{#t:10,45026312,Adam Holland}} in {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}March 1928 along with six workers of the {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}[[Suez Canal]]{{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}} Company. It {{#t:10,108762047,140.180.155.209}}began as a religious, {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}political, and social {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}movement {{#t:10,53584803,69.171.124.241}}with the credo, {{#t:10,93438601,Heshamdiab16}}“Allah {{#t:10,53584803,69.171.124.241}}is our objective; the Quran is our constitution, the Prophet is our leader; {{#t:10,268020313,221.188.68.228}}[[Jihad]]{{#t:10,268020313,221.188.68.228}} is {{#t:10,53584803,69.171.124.241}}our way; and death for the sake of {{#t:10,93438601,Heshamdiab16}}Allah {{#t:10,53584803,69.171.124.241}}is the highest of our {{#t:10,98002459,Brainhell}}aspirations.{{#t:9,98002459,Brainhell}}”{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/mb.htm|title=FAS Intelligence Resource Program}}{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.ummah.net/ikhwan/|title=Muslim Brotherhood Movement Homepage}}{{#t:9,39082327,Carabinieri}} Al-Banna {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}called for the return to an {{#t:9,39082327,Carabinieri}}original {{#t:9,39082327,Carabinieri}}[[Islam]]{{#t:9,39082327,Carabinieri}} and {{#t:8,39082327,Carabinieri}}followed {{#t:7,50682557,Arre}}Islamic reformers {{#t:7,39082327,Carabinieri}}like {{#t:7,39082327,Carabinieri}}[[Muhammad Abduh]]{{#t:8,39082327,Carabinieri}} and {{#t:9,39082327,Carabinieri}}[[Rashid Rida]]{{#t:9,39082327,Carabinieri}}. According {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}to him, contemporary Islam had lost {{#t:10,41100335,68.71.167.32}}its {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}social dominance, because most Muslims had been corrupted by {{#t:10,205708238,MantisEars}}[[Western world|Western]]{{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}} influences. {{#t:10,106405484,Leroy65X}}[[Sharia]]{{#t:10,106405484,Leroy65X}} law based on {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}the {{#t:10,57296496,Wmahan}}[[Qur'an]]{{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}} and the {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}[[Sunnah]]{{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}} were seen as laws passed down by {{#t:10,93438601,Heshamdiab16}}[[Allah]]{{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}} that should be applied to all parts of life, including the organization of the government and the handling of everyday problems.{{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}Küntzel, 2002. Pg. 17–19{{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}} {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}The Brotherhood also saw itself as a {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}political and {{#t:10,184949102,Sondos asem}}[[social movement]]{{#t:10,45491098,Billybud989}} . Al-Banna {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}strived to be a {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}[[populism|populist]]{{#t:10,709453,Kwertii}}. The {{#t:10,707505,Skysmith}}Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,43734431,87.74.48.207}}claimed to want {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}to protect the workers against the tyranny of foreign and monopolist companies. It founded social institutions such as hospitals, pharmacies, schools, etc. {{#t:10,43734431,87.74.48.207}}However, in addition to {{#t:10,54439416,69.194.34.225}}holding {{#t:10,62348972,Osmanja}}conservative {{#t:10,43790390,87.74.48.207}}views {{#t:10,43734431,87.74.48.207}}on issues such as women's rights,{{#t:10,112191569,Bejnar}}{{#t:10,43734431,87.74.48.207}} it was {{#t:10,43790390,87.74.48.207}}from the start extremely hostile to independent working-class and popular {{#t:10,43734431,87.74.48.207}}organisations such as trade unions.{{#t:10,45329613,Carabinieri}}{{#t:10,214593872,Ray564k}} This is disputed however by William Cleveland, who points out that the Muslim {{#t:10,214594384,Ray564k}}Brotherhood {{#t:10,214593872,Ray564k}}became involved with the labour movement early on, and supported efforts to create trades unions and unemployment benefits.{{#t:10,336226353,Rjwilmsi}}''A History of the Modern Middle East,'' William Cleveland, p.200{{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}} {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}By {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}1936, {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}it had 800 members, then this number increased greatly to up to 200,000 by {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}1938. By 1948, {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}the Brotherhood had about half {{#t:10,18989023,Beroul}}a million members. {{#t:10,106378107,Brian Wiseman}}[[Robin Hallett]]{{#t:10,106378107,Brian Wiseman}} says: "By the late 1940s {{#t:10,98595344,Test2return}}the Brotherhood was {{#t:10,106378107,Brian Wiseman}}reckoned to have as many as 2 million members, while {{#t:10,268020743,221.188.68.228}}its {{#t:10,106378107,Brian Wiseman}}strong Pan-Islamic ideas had gained {{#t:10,268020925,221.188.68.228}}its {{#t:10,106378107,Brian Wiseman}}supporters in other Arab lands".{{#t:10,106378107,Brian Wiseman}}Hallett, Robin. Africa Since 1875. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press (1974), pg. 138.{{#t:10,709453,Kwertii}} The {{#t:10,707505,Skysmith}}Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}also tried to build up something like an Islamist International, thus founding groups in {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}[[Lebanon]]{{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}} (in {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}1936), {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}[[Syria]]{{#t:10,50682557,Arre}} (1937), and {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}[[Transjordan]]{{#t:10,50682557,Arre}} (1946). {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}It also {{#t:10,47006484,Papovik}}recruited {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}among the foreign students in {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}[[Cairo]]{{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}. Its headquarters in Cairo became a center and meeting place for {{#t:10,268021103,221.188.68.228}}representatives {{#t:10,39082327,Carabinieri}}from the whole Muslim world.{{#t:10,45329613,Carabinieri}}{{#t:8,365377577,122.107.224.148}} {{#t:8,365377577,122.107.224.148}}Underground {{#t:7,365352705,122.107.224.148}}links {{#t:5,365352705,122.107.224.148}}to {{#t:3,365352705,122.107.224.148}}the {{#t:3,411687305,Wikifan12345}}[[Nazis]]{{#t:3,365352705,122.107.224.148}} began {{#t:5,365352705,122.107.224.148}}during {{#t:7,365352705,122.107.224.148}}the {{#t:8,365352705,122.107.224.148}}1930s {{#t:9,93045101,35.8.218.215}}and were close {{#t:10,365352705,122.107.224.148}}during the {{#t:9,365352705,122.107.224.148}}Second World War, involving {{#t:8,365352705,122.107.224.148}}agitation {{#t:6,365352705,122.107.224.148}}against {{#t:4,365352705,122.107.224.148}}the {{#t:3,365352705,122.107.224.148}}British, {{#t:3,411626126,70.108.237.37}}Jewish immigration to Palestine, {{#t:3,365352705,122.107.224.148}}espionage {{#t:4,365352705,122.107.224.148}}and {{#t:6,365352705,122.107.224.148}}sabotage, {{#t:8,365352705,122.107.224.148}}as {{#t:9,365352705,122.107.224.148}}well as support {{#t:10,365352705,122.107.224.148}}for terrorist activities orchestrated by Haj Amin el-Hussaini in British Mandate Palestine, as a wide range of declassified documents from the British, American and Nazi German governmental archives, as well as from personal accounts and {{#t:10,365376898,122.107.224.148}}memoirs {{#t:10,365352705,122.107.224.148}}from that period, confirm.{{#t:10,365352705,122.107.224.148}}See Ian Johnson, ''A Mosque in Munich: Nazis, the CIA and Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood in the West'' (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010); Matthias Küntzel, ''Jihad and Jew-hatred: Islamism, Nazism and the Roots of 9/11'' (New York: Telos Press, 2007); Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin Cüppers, ''Halbmond und Hakenkreuz: Das 'Dritte Reich', die Araber und Palästina'' (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2006), and Klaus Gensicke, ''Der Mufti von Jerusalem und die Nationalsocialisten: Eine politische Biographie Amin el-Husseinis'' (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2007).{{#t:10,365352705,122.107.224.148}} Reflecting this {{#t:9,365352705,122.107.224.148}}connection the Muslim {{#t:8,365352705,122.107.224.148}}Brotherhood {{#t:7,365352705,122.107.224.148}}also {{#t:5,365352705,122.107.224.148}}disseminated {{#t:3,365352705,122.107.224.148}}Hitler's {{#t:3,411687305,Wikifan12345}}[[Mein Kampf]]{{#t:3,411687305,Wikifan12345}} and {{#t:3,411687305,Wikifan12345}}[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]{{#t:3,365352705,122.107.224.148}} widely {{#t:5,365352705,122.107.224.148}}in {{#t:7,365352705,122.107.224.148}}Arab {{#t:8,365352705,122.107.224.148}}translations, {{#t:9,365352705,122.107.224.148}}helping to deepen and extend already existing hostile {{#t:8,365352705,122.107.224.148}}views {{#t:6,365352705,122.107.224.148}}about {{#t:4,365352705,122.107.224.148}}Jews {{#t:3,365352705,122.107.224.148}}and {{#t:3,411626126,70.108.237.37}}secular {{#t:3,365352705,122.107.224.148}}Western {{#t:4,365352705,122.107.224.148}}societies {{#t:6,365352705,122.107.224.148}}generally.{{#t:8,365357410,122.107.224.148}}In addition to the studies listed in the previous note, see the detailed and richly documented analysis by Jeffrey Herf, ''Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World'' (New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 2009).{{#t:10,106405484,Leroy65X}} {{#t:10,106405484,Leroy65X}}In November 1948 police seized an automobile containing the documents and plans of what {{#t:10,268021233,221.188.68.228}}was {{#t:10,106405484,Leroy65X}}thought to be the Brotherhood's {{#t:10,114166564,Leroy65X}}"secret apparatus" {{#t:10,365377361,122.107.224.148}}(its military wing) {{#t:10,106405484,Leroy65X}}with names of its members. The seizure was {{#t:10,108763455,140.180.155.209}}preceded {{#t:10,106405484,Leroy65X}}by an assortment of {{#t:10,108763455,140.180.155.209}}bombings and assassination {{#t:10,106405484,Leroy65X}}attempts by the apparatus. Subsequently 32 of its leaders {{#t:10,379706133,71.93.27.3}}were {{#t:10,106405484,Leroy65X}}arrested and its {{#t:9,106405484,Leroy65X}}offices raided.{{#t:9,252755925,Rjwilmsi}}{{#t:8,106410214,Leroy65X}} The {{#t:7,106410214,Leroy65X}}next {{#t:5,106410214,Leroy65X}}month {{#t:4,106410214,Leroy65X}}the {{#t:4,76138206,69.22.20.173}}Prime {{#t:5,76138206,69.22.20.173}}Minister {{#t:7,76138206,69.22.20.173}}of {{#t:8,76138206,69.22.20.173}}Egypt, {{#t:9,223542719,Elmondo21st}}[[Mahmud Fahmi Nokrashi]]{{#t:9,106410214,Leroy65X}}, ordered {{#t:10,106410214,Leroy65X}}the dissolution {{#t:10,76138206,69.22.20.173}}of the Brotherhood. {{#t:10,106410214,Leroy65X}}In {{#t:10,106405484,Leroy65X}}what is thought to be {{#t:10,108763455,140.180.155.209}}retaliation {{#t:10,106410214,Leroy65X}}for these acts, {{#t:10,76138643,69.22.20.173}}a member {{#t:10,76138206,69.22.20.173}}of the Brotherhood, {{#t:10,106410214,Leroy65X}}veterinary student Abdel Meguid Ahmed Hassan, {{#t:10,76138206,69.22.20.173}}assassinated the Prime Minister on December 28, 1948. {{#t:10,76138643,69.22.20.173}}A {{#t:10,106410214,Leroy65X}}month and half later {{#t:10,76138206,69.22.20.173}}Al-Banna himself was killed {{#t:10,106410214,Leroy65X}}in Cairo by men {{#t:10,93045101,35.8.218.215}}believed to be {{#t:10,106410214,Leroy65X}}government agents and/or {{#t:10,51078521,Arre}}supporters {{#t:10,22242368,Hamadamas}}of {{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}}the {{#t:10,106410214,Leroy65X}}murdered premier. {{#t:10,3424517,SimonP}}The Brotherhood has {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}been an illegal {{#t:10,25325526,69.248.126.115}}organization, {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}tolerated to varying degrees, {{#t:10,18989023,Beroul}}since 1954 {{#t:10,53579763,69.171.124.241}}when it {{#t:10,94243247,195.212.29.83}}was {{#t:10,95687863,Habitual gardner}}convicted of {{#t:10,94243247,195.212.29.83}}the attempt {{#t:10,53579763,69.171.124.241}}to assassinate {{#t:10,63865389,Basicdesign}}[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]{{#t:10,53579763,69.171.124.241}}, head {{#t:10,35244115,69.181.30.160}}of the {{#t:10,39163030,68.145.24.159}}Egyptian {{#t:10,53579763,69.171.124.241}}government. {{#t:10,95687863,Habitual gardner}}The group had denied involvement in the {{#t:10,210232592,128.205.59.44}}incident {{#t:10,95687863,Habitual gardner}}and accused the government of {{#t:10,101887865,Habitual gardner}}staging {{#t:10,95687863,Habitual gardner}}the {{#t:10,210232592,128.205.59.44}}incident {{#t:10,95687863,Habitual gardner}}to use it as a pretext to persecute the group and its {{#t:10,106410214,Leroy65X}}members. {{#t:10,165486027,Abb3w}}On this basis {{#t:10,111721317,24.14.144.169}}from 1954 until Nasser's death in {{#t:10,267177247,Kulkwais}}1970, {{#t:9,111721317,24.14.144.169}}thousands {{#t:9,98595344,Test2return}}of {{#t:8,98595344,Test2return}}Muslim {{#t:7,98595344,Test2return}}Brotherhood {{#t:5,111721317,24.14.144.169}}members {{#t:4,111721317,24.14.144.169}}were {{#t:4,411303124,164.214.1.55}}systematically {{#t:4,111721317,24.14.144.169}}tortured {{#t:5,111721317,24.14.144.169}}under {{#t:7,111721317,24.14.144.169}}Nasser's {{#t:8,111721317,24.14.144.169}}secular {{#t:9,111721317,24.14.144.169}}regime, {{#t:9,112434340,140.247.238.219}}highlighted {{#t:9,111721317,24.14.144.169}}in {{#t:9,120648506,Asimk29}}[[Zainab al Ghazali]]{{#t:9,120648506,Asimk29}}'s {{#t:9,111721317,24.14.144.169}}[[Return of the Pharaoh]]{{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}}. More recently, since the mid-2000s, some young {{#t:9,98595344,Test2return}}Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:9,111721317,24.14.144.169}}members {{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}}have publicly identified themselves {{#t:9,366263149,Benbarth}}as {{#t:9,93045101,35.8.218.215}}members of the {{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}}banned organizations on their {{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}}[[blogs]]{{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}}, where they have been critical of both the existing system {{#t:9,365352705,122.107.224.148}}as well as {{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}}aspects {{#t:9,363765292,Kl45david}}of the Muslim {{#t:8,363765292,Kl45david}}Brotherhood {{#t:8,391321528,Kifaya}}organization {{#t:7,391321528,Kifaya}}itself.{{#t:7,407836006,Yobot}}http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=692{{#t:7,76138206,69.22.20.173}} {{#t:7,76138206,69.22.20.173}}The {{#t:8,76138206,69.22.20.173}}Brotherhood {{#t:9,18668258,Beroul}}is still periodically {{#t:10,18668258,Beroul}}subjected to {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}mass arrests. {{#t:9,18623039,Beroul}}It remains {{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}}the largest {{#t:9,18623039,Beroul}}opposition group {{#t:10,165486027,Abb3w}}in Egypt, {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}advocating Islamic reform, {{#t:10,268022079,221.188.68.228}}democratic {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}system and maintaining a vast {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}network of support {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}through Islamic charities working {{#t:9,50682557,Arre}}among poor Egyptians.{{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=51850 |title=IRIN Middle East | EGYPT: Social programs bolster appeal of Muslim Brotherhood | Middle East | Egypt | Education Gender Issues Governance Health & Nutrition Human Rights | News Item |publisher=Irinnews.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-27}}{{#t:9,145038943,24.192.16.130}} The political direction {{#t:10,145038943,24.192.16.130}}it has been taking lately has {{#t:9,145038943,24.192.16.130}}tended towards {{#t:8,145038943,24.192.16.130}}more moderate {{#t:7,395584067,94.187.101.61}}secular "Islamism" {{#t:6,395584067,94.187.101.61}}and {{#t:4,395584067,94.187.101.61}}so-called {{#t:3,146462030,24.192.16.130}}[[Islamic Democracy]]{{#t:3,411626126,70.108.237.37}} comparable to Christian Democrat movements in Europe, the Christian-right {{#t:3,380202421,79.209.98.233}}in the United {{#t:3,411626126,70.108.237.37}}States, and the Muslim oriented democratic parties of Turkey. {{#t:10,32513384,217.54.136.195}}In {{#t:10,33633291,Beroul}}the 2005 parliamentary elections, the Brotherhood's candidates, who {{#t:10,268022176,221.188.68.228}}had to {{#t:10,108763455,140.180.155.209}}run as independents due to their illegality {{#t:10,98595344,Test2return}}as a political {{#t:10,108763455,140.180.155.209}}party, {{#t:10,32513384,217.54.136.195}}won 88 {{#t:10,31003507,70.31.209.76}}seats {{#t:10,33633291,Beroul}}(20% of the total) {{#t:10,32513384,217.54.136.195}}to form the largest opposition {{#t:10,33633291,Beroul}}bloc. The electoral process {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}was marred by many irregularities, {{#t:10,33633291,Beroul}}including the arrest of hundreds of Brotherhood members. {{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}}One observer, {{#t:10,125888117,Billybud989}}Jameel Theyabi, writing in an op-ed for {{#t:10,138309062,Rjwilmsi}}Dar Al-Hayat, {{#t:10,125888117,Billybud989}}noted that a {{#t:9,125888117,Billybud989}}December 2006 {{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}}campus demonstration by Muslim Brotherhood university students that included {{#t:9,125888117,Billybud989}}the "wearing {{#t:10,125888117,Billybud989}}of uniforms, displaying the phrase, 'We Will be Steadfast', and the drills involving {{#t:10,129588157,Leroy65X}}martial arts, {{#t:10,125888117,Billybud989}}betray the group's intent to plan for the creation of militia structures, and a return by the group to the era of 'secret cells'...." .{{#t:10,306732499,Rich Farmbrough}}[http://english.daralhayat.com/opinion/OPED/12-2006/Article-20061218-95ae9eb8-c0a8-10ed-00b1-7119b3684228/story.html The Brotherhood's Power display (18 December 2006)]{{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}} {{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}}Of course, the huge gains in the 2005 parliamentary elections allowed the Brotherhood to pose "a democratic political challenge to the regime, not a theological {{#t:9,366263149,Benbarth}}one" .{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}Traub, James. “Islamic Democrats?.” The New York Times 29 April 2007. 28 November 2009 .{{#t:9,366263149,Benbarth}} Initially, {{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}}there has been widespread skepticism regarding the movement's commitment to use its influence to push Egypt forward towards a democratic state. For instance, briefly after the elections Sameh Fawzy remarked in the {{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}}[[Al-Ahram Weekly]]{{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}} newspaper, "If the Muslim Brotherhood were in a position to enforce its ideological monopoly, the vast majority of the populace would face severe restrictions on its freedom of opinion and belief, not just on religious matters, but on social, political, economic and cultural affairs as {{#t:9,366263149,Benbarth}}well" {{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}Fawzi, Sameh. “Brothers and Others.” Al-Ahram Weekly 8 December 2005. 9 December 2009 {{#t:9,366263149,Benbarth}} However, {{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}}considering its actions in the {{#t:10,366264010,Benbarth}}[[Parliament of Egypt|Egyptian parliament]]{{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}} since 2005, it appears that those skeptics misjudged the movement's scope. In an article for the {{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}}[[Middle East Report]]{{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}} Samer Shehata from {{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}}[[Georgetown University]]{{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}} and Joshua Stacher from the {{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}}[[British University in Egypt]]{{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}} claim that, in fact, it was the Muslim Brotherhood that revived a parliament that till then had "a reputation for being a rubber stamp for the {{#t:9,366263149,Benbarth}}regime" .{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}Shehata, Samer and Joshua Stacher. “The Brotherhood Goes to Parliament.” Middle East Report. Fall 2006. 29 November 2009 .{{#t:9,366263149,Benbarth}} First {{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}}of all, according to their observations, the movement did not simply "focus on banning books and legislating the length of {{#t:9,366263149,Benbarth}}skirts" .{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}Shehata, Samer and Joshua Stacher. “The Brotherhood Goes to Parliament.” Middle East Report. Fall 2006. 29 November 2009 {{#t:9,366263149,Benbarth}} Instead, {{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}}the movement's involvement shows attempts to reform the political system. Unlike other MPs, those associated with the Brotherhood took their parliamentary duties very seriously as an "unmatched record of attendance" {{#t:10,381357991,Gobonobo}}{{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}} already shows. Moreover, they also took their role as {{#t:10,93045101,35.8.218.215}}members of the {{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}}opposition to the ruling {{#t:10,366264010,Benbarth}}[[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]]{{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}} quite seriously. A significant example is {{#t:10,125888117,Billybud989}}the creation of {{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}}a considerable opposition to the extension of the emergency law when MPs associated with the Brotherhood "formed a coalition with other opposition legislators and with sympathetic {{#t:10,93045101,35.8.218.215}}members of the {{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}}NDP, to protest the extension" .{{#t:10,381357991,Gobonobo}}{{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}} The overall involvement leads Shehata and Stacher to the conclusion that {{#t:10,158980233,BoogaLouie}}the Brotherhood {{#t:10,149004937,Leroy65X}}has {{#t:10,366263149,Benbarth}}convincingly attempted to transform "the Egyptian parliament into a real legislative body, as well as an institution that represents citizens and a mechanism that keeps government accountable".{{#t:10,381357991,Gobonobo}}{{#t:10,33633291,Beroul}} {{#t:10,33633291,Beroul}}Meanwhile, {{#t:10,62350640,Osmanja}}approved {{#t:10,33633291,Beroul}}opposition parties won only 14 seats. This revived the debate within {{#t:10,32514560,217.54.136.195}}the Egyptian political elite {{#t:10,33727734,Beroul}}about whether the Brotherhood should remain banned. {{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}}Since 2005 {{#t:9,98595344,Test2return}}Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:9,111721317,24.14.144.169}}members {{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}}in Egypt have also become a significant movement online. In 2006 Abdel Menem Mahmoud created the first publicly identified Brotherhood blog, {{#t:9,391321879,Kifaya}}Ana Ikhwan (http://ana-ikhwan.blogspot.com). {{#t:9,366263149,Benbarth}}In an article for {{#t:9,391321879,Kifaya}}Arab Media & Society (http://www.arabmediasociety.com), {{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}}Courtney C. Radsch of {{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}}[[American University]]{{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}} explores how the Egyptian blogosphere expanded as many younger members followed suit, especially the activists who were sympathetic to {{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}}[[Kefaya]]{{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}} and members who wanted to be {{#t:9,151868623,BoogaLouie}}part {{#t:9,93046042,35.8.218.215}}of the {{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}}discussion about the {{#t:8,391321528,Kifaya}}draft party {{#t:7,391321528,Kifaya}}platform.{{#t:7,407836006,Yobot}}{{#t:7,391321528,Kifaya}} These {{#t:8,391321528,Kifaya}}"cyberactivists" are {{#t:9,391321528,Kifaya}}often critical of the organization, such as its rejection of women and Copts as being permitted to hold the presidency, and more liberal than {{#t:8,391321528,Kifaya}}their offline {{#t:7,391321528,Kifaya}}counterparts.{{#t:7,407836006,Yobot}}{{#t:7,407836006,Yobot}}{{#t:7,407836006,Yobot}}www.arabinsight.org/aiarticles/186.pdf{{#t:7,391321528,Kifaya}}{{#t:7,391321528,Kifaya}}http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2007/mar/05/brotherhoodoftheblog{{#t:10,69791549,196.218.92.115}} {{#t:10,69791549,196.218.92.115}}General leaders (G.L) {{#t:10,74883706,196.218.14.145}}or Mentors {{#t:10,69791549,196.218.92.115}}of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt المرشد العام لجماعة الإخوان المسلمون :* {{#t:10,69791549,196.218.92.115}}Founder {{#t:9,69791549,196.218.92.115}}& First {{#t:8,69791549,196.218.92.115}}G. {{#t:6,69791549,196.218.92.115}}leader: {{#t:4,356187276,Epeefleche}}(1928–1949) {{#t:3,69791549,196.218.92.115}}[[Hassan al Banna]]{{#t:3,69791549,196.218.92.115}} :* {{#t:4,69791549,196.218.92.115}}2nd {{#t:5,69791549,196.218.92.115}}G.L. : {{#t:4,356187276,Epeefleche}}(1949–1972) {{#t:3,237562217,Jackbrown}}[[Hassan al-Hudaybi]]{{#t:3,69791549,196.218.92.115}} :* {{#t:4,69791549,196.218.92.115}}3rd {{#t:5,69791549,196.218.92.115}}G.L. : {{#t:4,356187276,Epeefleche}}(1972–1986) {{#t:3,226959877,Jackbrown}}[[Umar al-Tilmisani]]{{#t:3,69791549,196.218.92.115}} :* {{#t:4,69791549,196.218.92.115}}4th {{#t:5,69791549,196.218.92.115}}G.L. : {{#t:4,356187276,Epeefleche}}(1986–1996) {{#t:3,226983533,Jackbrown}}[[Muhammad Hamid Abu al-Nasr]]{{#t:3,69791549,196.218.92.115}} :* {{#t:4,69791549,196.218.92.115}}5th {{#t:5,69791549,196.218.92.115}}G.L. : {{#t:4,356187276,Epeefleche}}(1996–2002) {{#t:3,228585232,Jackbrown}}[[Mustafa Mashhur]]{{#t:3,69791549,196.218.92.115}} :* {{#t:4,69791549,196.218.92.115}}6th {{#t:5,69791549,196.218.92.115}}G.L. : {{#t:4,356187276,Epeefleche}}(2002–2004) {{#t:3,227370531,Jackbrown}}[[Ma'mun al-Hudaybi]]{{#t:3,69791549,196.218.92.115}} :* {{#t:4,69791549,196.218.92.115}}7th {{#t:5,69791549,196.218.92.115}}G.L. : {{#t:4,356187276,Epeefleche}}(2004–2010) {{#t:3,138309062,Rjwilmsi}}[[Mohammed Mahdi Akef]]{{#t:3,335523000,Jackbrown}} :* {{#t:4,335523000,Jackbrown}}8th {{#t:6,335523000,Jackbrown}}G.{{#t:7,335523000,Jackbrown}}L. : {{#t:7,338190853,41.222.135.5}}(16 {{#t:7,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}January {{#t:6,338190853,41.222.135.5}}2010 {{#t:5,356187276,Epeefleche}}– {{#t:3,338190853,41.222.135.5}}present) {{#t:3,338768819,Cadmos2}}[[Mohammed Badie]]{{#t:3,410613206,AnomieBOT}} {{#t:3,410613206,AnomieBOT}}{{cn|date=January 2011}}{{#t:4,151153465,Simon123}} =={{#t:4,131413691,196.219.132.30}}In {{#t:4,411210997,121.245.29.225}}West {{#t:4,391852258,Wwbread}}Asia== ==={{#t:10,96804473,Publicus}}Bahrain=== {{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}}In {{#t:10,98764655,Tainter}}[[Bahrain]]{{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}}, the Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,85616939,Barristr44}}is represented by the {{#t:10,85616939,Barristr44}}[[Al Eslah Society]]{{#t:10,85616939,Barristr44}} and its political wing, the {{#t:10,85616939,Barristr44}}[[Al-Menbar Islamic Society]]{{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}}. Following parliamentary elections in 2002, {{#t:10,103774677,Zayed1}}[[Al-Menbar Islamic Society|Al Menbar]]{{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}} became the joint largest party with eight seats in the forty seat {{#t:10,80915211,Koavf}}[[Chamber of Deputies of Bahrain|Chamber of Deputies]]{{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}}. Prominent members of Al Menbar include Dr Salah Abdulrahman, Dr {{#t:10,222045805,Heshamdiab116}}[[Salah Al Jowder]]{{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}}, and outspoken MP {{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}}[[Mohammed Khalid]]{{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}}. The party has generally backed government sponsored legislation on economic issues, but has sought a clamp down on pop concerts, sorcery and soothsayers. It has strongly opposed the government's accession to the {{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}}[[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]]{{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}} on the grounds that this would give Muslim citizens the right to change religion, when in the party's view they should be {{#t:9,62221355,Summer Interlude}}"beheaded".{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/1yr_arc_Articles.asp?Article=136119&Sn=BNEW&IssueID=28339&date=2-22-2006 |title=Gulf Daily News |publisher=Gulf Daily News |date=2009-03-09 |accessdate=2010-08-27}}{{#t:9,62221355,Summer Interlude}} {{#t:9,62221355,Summer Interlude}}Municipal {{#t:10,157535278,Cgingold}}councillor, Dr {{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}}Salah Al Jowder, has campaigned against people being able to look into other people's houses, changing the local by-laws in {{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}}[[Muharraq]]{{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}} to ensure that all new buildings are fitted with one way glass to prevent residents being able to see {{#t:9,62221355,Summer Interlude}}out.{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/1yr_arc_Articles.asp?Article=133438&Sn=BNEW&IssueID=28310&date=1/24/2006 |title=Gulf Daily News |publisher=Gulf Daily News |date=2009-03-09 |accessdate=2010-08-27}}{{#t:9,62221355,Summer Interlude}} Although {{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}}a competitor with the {{#t:10,65219373,Zer0fighta}}[[salafi]]{{#t:10,65219373,Zer0fighta}}st {{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}}[[Asalah]]{{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}} party, it seems likely that Al Menbar will opt for a political alliance in {{#t:10,205708238,MantisEars}}2006s {{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}}election to avoid splitting the Sunni Islamist vote. ==={{#t:6,96804473,Publicus}}Syria=== {{#t:10,127053017,KazakhPol}}{{Main|History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria}}{{#t:10,352561127,BoogaLouie}} {{#t:10,352561127,BoogaLouie}}Muslim {{#t:10,707505,Skysmith}}Brotherhood {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}in Syria {{#t:10,352561127,BoogaLouie}}was {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}founded in the {{#t:10,205708238,MantisEars}}1930s {{#t:10,353035428,BoogaLouie}}(according to lexicorient.com) or {{#t:10,352561127,BoogaLouie}}in 1945, a year before independence from France, {{#t:10,353035428,BoogaLouie}}(according {{#t:10,352561127,BoogaLouie}}to journalist {{#t:10,357671057,99.150.131.204}}[[Robin Wright (author)]]{{#t:10,353035428,BoogaLouie}}). {{#t:10,352561127,BoogaLouie}}In the first decade or so of independence it was part of the legal opposition, and in {{#t:9,352561127,BoogaLouie}}the {{#t:9,354240189,Zozo2kx}}[[Syrian parliamentary election, 1961|1961 parliamentary elections]]{{#t:9,352561127,BoogaLouie}} it {{#t:8,352561127,BoogaLouie}}won {{#t:7,352561127,BoogaLouie}}ten {{#t:5,352561127,BoogaLouie}}seats {{#t:5,410911635,Ralhazzaa}}(5.8% of the house). {{#t:5,352561127,BoogaLouie}}But {{#t:7,352561127,BoogaLouie}}after {{#t:8,352561127,BoogaLouie}}the {{#t:9,352561127,BoogaLouie}}1963 coup that {{#t:10,352561127,BoogaLouie}}brought the {{#t:10,352561127,BoogaLouie}}[[Baath Party]]{{#t:10,352561127,BoogaLouie}} to power it was banned.{{#t:10,352561127,BoogaLouie}}Wright, Robin, ''Dreams and Shadows : the Future of the Middle East'', Penguin Press, 2008 (p.241){{#t:10,352561127,BoogaLouie}} It {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}played a major role in the {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}mainly {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}[[Sunni]]{{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}-based {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}resistance movement that opposed the {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}[[secularism|secularist]]{{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}, {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}[[pan-Arabism|pan-Arabist]]{{#t:10,352561127,BoogaLouie}} Baath Party, {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}(since 1970, it has been dominated {{#t:10,157535278,Cgingold}}by {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}the {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}[[Alawite]]{{#t:10,49373305,Arre}} {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}[[Assad]]{{#t:10,49373305,Arre}} family, adding a religious element to its conflict with the Brotherhood). {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}This conflict developed into an armed struggle that continued until {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}culminating in the {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}[[Hama massacre|Hama uprising]]{{#t:10,49373305,Arre}} of 1982, {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}when the rebellion was {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}bloodily {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}crushed by the military.{{#t:10,352561127,BoogaLouie}}[http://lexicorient.com/e.o/mus_br_syria.htm Looklex encyclopedia]{{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}} {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}Since then, {{#t:10,3424517,SimonP}}the Brotherhood has {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}ceased to be an active political force {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}inside Syria, but it retains a network of support in the country, of unknown strength, and has external headquarters in {{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}London {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}and {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}[[Cyprus]]{{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}. In recent years it has renounced violence and adopted a {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}[[reformism|reformist]]{{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}} platform, {{#t:10,12942314,AI}}calling for the {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}establishment of a {{#t:10,36832649,Beroul}}pluralistic, {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}democratic political system. {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}The leader of the Syrian {{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}}Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,39163960,68.145.24.159}}is {{#t:10,352079660,Supreme Deliciousness}}[[Ali Sadreddine Bayanouni]]{{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}, who lives as a political refugee in {{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}London. {{#t:10,353027989,BoogaLouie}}Membership in {{#t:10,40746935,Bertilvidet}}the {{#t:10,346977920,BoogaLouie}}Syrian Brotherhood became {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}a {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}[[capital punishment|capital offence]]{{#t:10,49373305,Arre}} in Syria {{#t:10,346977920,BoogaLouie}}in the 1980 (under Emergency Law 49) and remains so, {{#t:10,353027989,BoogaLouie}}but {{#t:10,346977920,BoogaLouie}}the headquarters of the MB-linked Palestinian group, {{#t:10,346977920,BoogaLouie}}[[Hamas]]{{#t:10,346977920,BoogaLouie}}, is located in the {{#t:10,353027989,BoogaLouie}}Syria's capital {{#t:10,346977920,BoogaLouie}}Damascus, where it is given Syrian government support. {{#t:10,353027989,BoogaLouie}}This is seen by some as an example {{#t:10,346977920,BoogaLouie}}of the lack of international centralization or even coordination of the MB.{{#t:10,346977920,BoogaLouie}}Wright, Robin, ''Dreams and Shadows : the Future of the Middle East'', Penguin Press, 2008, p.248{{#t:8,403310035,Дунгане}} {{#t:8,403310035,Дунгане}}According to {{#t:8,403310404,Дунгане}}[[United States diplomatic cables leak|leaked American cables]]{{#t:8,403310035,Дунгане}}, Syrian President {{#t:8,403310035,Дунгане}}[[Bashar al Assad]]{{#t:8,403310035,Дунгане}} allegedly called Hamas an {{#t:9,403310035,Дунгане}}"uninvited guest" and said "If you want me to be effective and active, I have {{#t:9,360367069,Macai}}to have a {{#t:9,403310035,Дунгане}}relationship with all parties. Hamas is Muslim Brotherhood, but we have to deal with the reality of their presence.", comparing Hamas to the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood which was crushed by his father {{#t:8,403310035,Дунгане}}[[Hafez al Assad]]{{#t:8,403310035,Дунгане}}. He then allegedly claimed Hamas would {{#t:8,404775140,EoGuy}}disappear if peace were {{#t:8,403310035,Дунгане}}brought to {{#t:8,131413691,196.219.132.30}}the Middle {{#t:7,131413691,196.219.132.30}}East.{{#t:7,403310035,Дунгане}}{{cite news|title=Assad: Iran won't attack Israel with nukes|author=Roee Nahmias|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3992202,00.html|newspaper=ynetnews.com|date=Roee Nahmias|accessdate=December 12, 2010}}{{#t:7,407836006,Yobot}}{{#t:7,407836006,Yobot}}{{cite news|title=Syria's Assad seems to suggest backing for Hamas negotiable, leaked cables say|author=Meris Lutz|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/dec/02/world/la-fg-wikileaks-syria-20101202|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=December 2, 2010|accessdate=December 12, 2010}}{{#t:7,96804473,Publicus}} ==={{#t:8,151153465,Simon123}}Palestinian {{#t:9,151153465,Simon123}}territories=== {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}'Abd al-Rahman al-Banna, {{#t:10,279670519,Haberstr}}brother {{#t:10,269284280,124.195.209.236}}of {{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}}Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}founder Hasan al-Banna, went to Palestine {{#t:10,279670519,Haberstr}}and established {{#t:10,75044025,198.166.60.64}}the Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}there in 1935. A local nationalist, Al-Hajj Amin al-Husseini {{#t:10,365361461,122.107.224.148}}(see article under {{#t:10,365361461,122.107.224.148}}[[Mohammad Amin al-Husayni]]{{#t:10,365361461,122.107.224.148}}), eventually appointed by the British as Grand Mufti of Jerusalem in hopes of accommodating him, {{#t:10,279670519,Haberstr}}was the leader of the {{#t:10,707505,Skysmith}}group in {{#t:10,31103306,129.21.108.51}}Palestine. {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}Another important leader associated with {{#t:10,75044025,198.166.60.64}}the Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}in Palestine {{#t:10,279670519,Haberstr}}was {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}'Izz al-Din al-Qassam, an inspiration to Islamists because he {{#t:10,279670519,Haberstr}}had been {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}the first to lead an armed resistance in the name of Palestine against the British in 1935.{{#t:10,279671980,Haberstr}}Cohen, 1982. Pg. 144{{#t:10,365360061,122.107.224.148}} Under these leaders, many moderate local Arab leaders were assassinated, including King {{#t:10,365360061,122.107.224.148}}[[Abdullah I of Jordan]]{{#t:10,365360061,122.107.224.148}}, and, from 1921 on, numerous terrorist attacks were perpetrated against Jews, amongst which was the murder of 67 religious Jews, men, women and children, and wounding of many others, in the {{#t:10,365360061,122.107.224.148}}[[1929 Hebron massacre]]{{#t:10,365360511,122.107.224.148}}. Al-Hajj Amin al-Husseini {{#t:10,365360061,122.107.224.148}}led a general uprising {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}against the British {{#t:10,365360061,122.107.224.148}}from 1936 to 1939; as a Nazi ally he spent the Second World War in Nazi Germany and advocated for and aided their annihilation of the Jews.{{#t:10,365372301,122.107.224.148}}Klaus Gensicke, ''Der Mufti von Jerusalem und die Nationalsocialisten: Eine politische Biographie Amin el-Husseinis'' (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2007), and Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Martin Cüppers, and Krista Smith, ''Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews of Palestine'' (New York: Enigma Books, 2010).{{#t:10,279670519,Haberstr}} In 1945, the group established a branch in {{#t:10,279670519,Haberstr}}[[Jerusalem]]{{#t:10,279670519,Haberstr}}, and by 1947 twenty-five more branches had sprung {{#t:10,19535966,SlimVirgin}}up, {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}in towns such as {{#t:10,19535966,SlimVirgin}}[[Jaffa, Israel|Jaffa]]{{#t:10,19535966,SlimVirgin}}, {{#t:10,19535966,SlimVirgin}}[[Lod]]{{#t:10,19535966,SlimVirgin}}, {{#t:10,19535966,SlimVirgin}}[[Haifa]]{{#t:10,19535966,SlimVirgin}}, {{#t:10,19535966,SlimVirgin}}[[Nablus]]{{#t:10,19535966,SlimVirgin}}, and {{#t:10,19535966,SlimVirgin}}[[Tulkarm]]{{#t:10,279670519,Haberstr}}, which total membership {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}between 12,000 to 20,000. {{#t:10,19535966,SlimVirgin}}Brotherhood members fought alongside the Arab armies during the {{#t:10,19535966,SlimVirgin}}[[1948 Arab-Israeli war]]{{#t:10,279671980,Haberstr}}, and, {{#t:10,109013114,Onda}}after Israel's creation, the ensuing {{#t:10,109013114,Onda}}[[Palestinian refugee]]{{#t:10,109013114,Onda}} crisis encouraged more {{#t:10,19535966,SlimVirgin}}Palestinian Muslims to join {{#t:10,19540229,SlimVirgin}}the {{#t:10,279671980,Haberstr}}group. {{#t:10,109013114,Onda}}After the war, {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}in {{#t:10,109013114,Onda}}the West Bank, {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}the {{#t:10,279671980,Haberstr}}group's {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}activity was mainly social and religious, not political, so it had relatively good relations with Jordan, which was {{#t:10,109013114,Onda}}in control of the West Bank {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}after 1950. {{#t:10,279671980,Haberstr}}In contrast, the group {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}frequently clashed with the Egyptian regime that controlled the Gaza Strip until 1967.{{#t:10,341415417,66.71.235.184}}[http://www.jstor.org/stable/3992661?&Search=yes&term=shadid&term=mohammed&term=k.&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dmohammed%2Bk.%2Bshadid%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3Dthe%2Bmuslim%2Bbrotherhood%2Bmovment%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bwest%2Bbank%2BAND%2Bgaza%26Search%3DSearch%26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=31&returnArticleService=showArticle]{{#t:10,279671980,Haberstr}} {{#t:10,279671980,Haberstr}}In the 1950s and 1960s, {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}the Brotherhood's goal was "the upbringing of an Islamic generation" through the restructuring of society and religious education, rather than Palestine's liberation from Israel, {{#t:10,279671980,Haberstr}}and so {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}it lost popularity to {{#t:9,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}national resistance {{#t:8,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}movements {{#t:8,395584277,94.187.101.61}}and the presence of {{#t:8,395584277,94.187.101.61}}[[Hizb ut-Tahrir]]{{#t:8,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}.{{#t:8,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}0253208661{{#t:9,279671980,Haberstr}} Eventually, {{#t:9,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}however, {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}the Brotherhood was strengthened by several factors: {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}1. The creation of al-Mujamma' al-Islami, the Islamic Center in 1973 by Shaykh Ahmad Yasin had a centralizing effect that encapsulated all religious organizations. {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}2. {{#t:10,75044025,198.166.60.64}}The Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}Society in Jordan and Palestine was created from a merger of the branches in {{#t:10,109013114,Onda}}the West Bank and Gaza {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}and Jordan. {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}3. Palestinian disillusion with the liberation front caused them to become more open to alternatives. {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}4. The Islamic Revolution in Iran offered inspiration to Palestinians. The Brotherhood was able to increase its efforts in Palestine and avoid being dismantled like national resistance groups because it did not focus on the occupation. While national resistance groups were being {{#t:9,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}dismantled, the {{#t:8,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}Brotherhood {{#t:7,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}filled {{#t:5,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}the {{#t:4,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}void.{{#t:4,411238617,84.108.213.97}}{{cite |title=Hamas: A Historical and Political Background |author=Ziad Abu-Amr |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |volume=22 |issue=4 |date=Summer, 1993 |pages=5-19 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2538077?&Search=yes&term=political&term=background&term=historical&term=hamas&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dhamas%253A%2Ba%2Bhistorical%2Band%2Bpolitical%2Bbackground%26x%3D9%26y%3D11%26wc%3Don&item=3&ttl=215&returnArticleService=showArticle}}{{#t:4,109013114,Onda}} {{#t:4,109013114,Onda}}After {{#t:5,109013114,Onda}}the {{#t:7,279085339,Haberstr}}1967 {{#t:8,279085339,Haberstr}}[[Six Day War]]{{#t:9,279085339,Haberstr}}, as Israel's {{#t:10,109013114,Onda}}occupation started, Israel {{#t:10,279085339,Haberstr}}may have {{#t:10,109013114,Onda}}looked to cultivate {{#t:10,279085339,Haberstr}}political {{#t:10,109013114,Onda}}Islam as a counterweight to {{#t:10,279085339,Haberstr}}[[Fatah]]{{#t:10,279085339,Haberstr}}, the main secular Palestinian nationalist political organization.{{#t:10,306732499,Rich Farmbrough}}[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123275572295011847.html How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas, by Andrew Higgins] ''Wall Street Journal'' January 24, 2009{{#t:10,279085339,Haberstr}}{{#t:10,279085339,Haberstr}}[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jan/07/gaza-israel-palestine/print?2 How Israel brought Gaza to the brink of humanitarian catastrophe, by Avi Shlaim] ''Guardian UK'' January 7, 2009{{#t:10,109013114,Onda}} Between 1967 and 1987, the year Hamas was founded, the number of mosques in Gaza tripled from 200 to 600, {{#t:10,106645585,Leroy65X}}and {{#t:10,75044025,198.166.60.64}}the Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,279085339,Haberstr}}named the period between 1975 and 1987 a phase of 'social institution building.{{#t:9,279085339,Haberstr}}'{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}[http://www.metimes.com/Politics/2009/03 ]{{Dead link|date=August 2010}}{{#t:9,295340453,98.164.21.70}} The {{#t:10,295340453,98.164.21.70}}Brotherhood was able to spread its ideology in six important ways. It established associations, used zakat (alms giving) for aid to poor Palestinians, promoted schools, provided students with loans, used waqf (religious endowments) to lease property and employ people, and established mosques. The establishment of mosques was the most effective, because it built hundreds of mosques in the West Bank and Gaza Strip between 1967 and 1987 and could use {{#t:9,295340453,98.164.21.70}}them for {{#t:8,295340453,98.164.21.70}}political {{#t:7,295340453,98.164.21.70}}and {{#t:5,295340453,98.164.21.70}}recruitment {{#t:4,295340453,98.164.21.70}}purposes.{{#t:4,411238617,84.108.213.97}}{{#t:4,109013114,Onda}} Likewise, {{#t:5,109013114,Onda}}antagonistic {{#t:7,109013114,Onda}}and {{#t:8,109013114,Onda}}sometimes {{#t:9,109013114,Onda}}violent opposition {{#t:10,109013114,Onda}}to {{#t:10,169557483,CasualObserver'48}}[[Fatah]]{{#t:10,109013114,Onda}}, the {{#t:10,109013114,Onda}}[[Palestine Liberation Organization]]{{#t:10,109013114,Onda}} and other secular nationalist groups increased dramatically in the streets and on university campuses.{{#t:10,306732499,Rich Farmbrough}}{{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}} {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}The Brotherhood's downfall was its failure to fight the Israeli occupation, but the Intifada changed the {{#t:9,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}Brotherhood's position {{#t:8,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}and {{#t:7,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}Hamas {{#t:5,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}was {{#t:4,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}established.{{#t:4,411238617,84.108.213.97}}{{#t:4,36962765,66.186.131.209}} The {{#t:5,36962765,66.186.131.209}}Islamic {{#t:7,36962765,66.186.131.209}}Resistance {{#t:8,36962765,66.186.131.209}}Movement, {{#t:9,36965555,66.186.131.209}}or {{#t:9,36965555,66.186.131.209}}[[Hamas]]{{#t:9,36962765,66.186.131.209}}, founded {{#t:10,36962765,66.186.131.209}}in 1987 in Gaza, is a wing of the {{#t:9,36962765,66.186.131.209}}Brotherhood,{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.mideastweb.org/hamas.htm |title=Hamas Charter |publisher=Mideastweb.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-27}}{{#t:9,49375400,Arre}} formed {{#t:10,49375400,Arre}}out of Brotherhood-affiliated charities {{#t:10,279085339,Haberstr}}and social institutions {{#t:10,49375400,Arre}}that had gained a strong foothold among the local population. During the {{#t:10,49375400,Arre}}[[First Intifada]]{{#t:10,336226353,Rjwilmsi}} (1987–93), {{#t:10,49375400,Arre}}Hamas militarized {{#t:9,49375400,Arre}}and transformed into {{#t:8,36962765,66.186.131.209}}one {{#t:6,36962765,66.186.131.209}}of {{#t:5,36962765,66.186.131.209}}the {{#t:5,387085144,210.48.222.6}}strongest {{#t:6,49375400,Arre}}Palestinian {{#t:8,89062201,200.232.153.8}}militant {{#t:8,49375400,Arre}}groups. {{#t:9,387873901,Marokwitz}}The {{#t:9,387873901,Marokwitz}}[[Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip]]{{#t:9,387873933,Marokwitz}} in 2007 {{#t:9,385815071,Kimokono1990}}was the first {{#t:9,387873901,Marokwitz}}time since the Sudanese coup of 1989 that brought {{#t:9,387873901,Marokwitz}}[[Omar al-Bashir]]{{#t:9,387873901,Marokwitz}} to power, that a {{#t:9,387874002,Marokwitz}}Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:9,387873901,Marokwitz}}group ruled a significant geographic territory.{{#t:9,394872566,Tijfo098}}[http://www.currenttrends.org/research/detail/the-talibanization-of-gaza-a-liability-for-the-muslim-brotherhood The Talibanization of Gaza: A Liability for the Muslim Brotherhood]. by Jonathan Schanzer. August 19, 2009. [[Current Trends in Islamist Ideology]] vol. 9{{#t:9,96804473,Publicus}} ==={{#t:9,383176372,132.9.127.7}}Israel=== {{#t:10,384632288,Reenem}}{{Main|Islamic Movement in Israel}}{{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}} {{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}}The Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}in {{#t:10,384632358,Reenem}}[[Israel]]{{#t:10,382961713,78.101.199.232}} -the {{#t:10,384632288,Reenem}}[[Islamic Movement in Israel|Islamic Movement]]{{#t:10,209021991,Sstr}}- {{#t:10,151153465,Simon123}}is divided between the southern and northern branches. The southern branch is represented in the {{#t:10,151153465,Simon123}}[[Knesset]]{{#t:10,383176372,132.9.127.7}}, {{#t:10,383176372,132.9.127.7}}[[Israel]]{{#t:9,151153465,Simon123}}'s parliament while the northern {{#t:8,151153465,Simon123}}radical {{#t:7,151153465,Simon123}}branch {{#t:6,151153465,Simon123}}boycotts {{#t:5,151153465,Simon123}}Israeli elections.{{#t:5,410613206,AnomieBOT}}{{cn|date=January 2011}}{{#t:5,96804473,Publicus}} ==={{#t:5,96804473,Publicus}}Jordan=== {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}The {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}[[Jordan]]{{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}ian branch {{#t:10,22242368,Hamadamas}}of {{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}}the Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,19535966,SlimVirgin}}was formed in {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}1942, and is a strong factor in {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}[[Politics of Jordan|Jordanian politics]]{{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}. While most political parties and movements were banned for a long time in Jordan {{#t:10,365075979,77.42.184.252}}such as {{#t:10,365075979,77.42.184.252}}[[Hizb ut-Tahrir]]{{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}, the Brotherhood was exempted and allowed to operate by the {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}[[King of Jordan|Jordanian monarchy]]{{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}. The Jordanian Brotherhood has formed its own {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}[[political party]]{{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}, the {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}[[Islamic Action Front]]{{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}, which has the largest number of seats of {{#t:9,50682557,Arre}}any party {{#t:8,50682557,Arre}}in {{#t:7,50682557,Arre}}the {{#t:6,50682557,Arre}}[[Parliament of Jordan|Jordanian parliament]]{{#t:4,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}.{{#t:4,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|author=Tore Kjeilen |url=http://lexicorient.com/e.o/mus_br_jordan.htm |title=Muslim Brotherhood / Jordan - LookLex Encyclopaedia |publisher=Lexicorient.com |date=2000-09-20 |accessdate=2010-08-27}}{{#t:4,384397468,204.191.191.228}} {{#t:4,384397468,204.191.191.228}}The Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:4,410951885,Philip ea}}is playing an active role in the unrest in several Arab countries in January 2011. For example, at a rally held outside the Egyptian Embassy in Amman on Saturday, 29th January 2011 with some 100 participants, Hammam Saeed, head {{#t:4,22242368,Hamadamas}}of {{#t:4,8249676,24.148.55.149}}the Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:4,410951885,Philip ea}}of Jordan and a close ally of the Hamas's Damascus-based leader, {{#t:4,410951885,Philip ea}}[[Khaled Meshaal]]{{#t:4,410951885,Philip ea}}, said: "Egypt's unrest will spread across the Mideast and Arabs will topple leaders allied with the United States." However, he did not specifically name Jordanian King {{#t:4,410951885,Philip ea}}[[Abdullah II]]{{#t:4,410951885,Philip ea}}. {{#t:4,410951885,Philip ea}}{{Cite web|author=Commentator |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/Jordans-opposition-Arabs-will-topple-tyrants/articleshow/7385868.cms | title=Jordan's opposition: Arabs will topple tyrants | Times of India|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2011-01-30 |accessdate=2011-01-30}}{{#t:9,96804473,Publicus}} ==={{#t:10,96804473,Publicus}}Iran=== {{#t:10,106645585,Leroy65X}}Although Iran is a predominately Shia country and {{#t:10,75044025,198.166.60.64}}the Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,106645585,Leroy65X}}is Sunni in doctrine, {{#t:10,112416296,Khanagan}}Olga Davidson and Mohammad Mahallati claim {{#t:10,98595344,Test2return}}the Brotherhood has had {{#t:10,106645585,Leroy65X}}influence {{#t:10,106647886,Leroy65X}}among Shia {{#t:10,106645585,Leroy65X}}in {{#t:9,106645585,Leroy65X}}Iran.{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.bitterlemons-international.org/previous.php?opt=1&id=30 |title=Middle East Roundtable |publisher=bitterlemons-international.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-27}}{{#t:9,112416296,Khanagan}} {{#t:9,112416296,Khanagan}}[[Navab Safavi]]{{#t:10,106645585,Leroy65X}}, who founded Fadaian Islam, {{#t:10,106647886,Leroy65X}}(also Fedayeen of Islam, or Fadayan-e {{#t:10,106645585,Leroy65X}}Islam), an {{#t:10,106220180,65.92.17.172}}Iranian Islamic {{#t:10,75044025,198.166.60.64}}organization active in Iran {{#t:10,98595344,Test2return}}in the 1940s {{#t:10,106645585,Leroy65X}}and 1950s, "was {{#t:10,75044025,198.166.60.64}}highly impressed by the Muslim Brotherhood.{{#t:10,106645585,Leroy65X}}" {{#t:10,323155933,SmackBot}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2007}}{{#t:10,106645585,Leroy65X}} From 1945 to 1951 the Fadain assassinated several high level Iranian personalities and officials who they believed to be {{#t:9,106645585,Leroy65X}}un-Islamic. They {{#t:9,388959387,149.159.8.56}}included {{#t:9,106645585,Leroy65X}}anti-clerical writer {{#t:10,106645585,Leroy65X}}Ahmad Kasravi, Premier Haj-Ali Razm-Ara, former Premier Abdul-Hussein Hazhir, and Education and Culture Minister Ahmad Zangeneh.{{#t:10,254672812,Gaius Cornelius}}''The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution'' by Amir Taheri, Adler and Adler c1985, p.107-109{{#t:10,106645585,Leroy65X}} {{#t:10,106645585,Leroy65X}}At that time {{#t:10,112416296,Khanagan}}Navab Safavi {{#t:10,106645585,Leroy65X}}was an associate and ally of {{#t:10,106220180,65.92.17.172}}Ayatollah Khomeini {{#t:10,106647886,Leroy65X}}who {{#t:10,106645585,Leroy65X}}went on to {{#t:10,112416296,Khanagan}}become a figure in the {{#t:10,112416296,Khanagan}}[[Iranian Revolution]]{{#t:10,112416296,Khanagan}} of 1979. Safavi {{#t:10,106645585,Leroy65X}}is thought to have influenced Khomeini with the ideas {{#t:10,76138206,69.22.20.173}}of the Brotherhood.{{#t:10,200061664,Lemmey}}{{#t:10,106645585,Leroy65X}} Khomeini and {{#t:10,106224823,65.92.17.172}}other religious figures in Iran {{#t:10,106645585,Leroy65X}}worked to establish Islamic unity and downplay Shia-Sunni differences. {{#t:10,323155933,SmackBot}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2007}}{{#t:10,96804473,Publicus}} ==={{#t:10,96804473,Publicus}}Iraq=== {{#t:10,35866793,136.159.16.100}}The {{#t:10,50671585,Arre}}[[Iraqi Islamic Party]]{{#t:10,19535966,SlimVirgin}} was formed in {{#t:10,50671585,Arre}}1960 as the {{#t:10,50671585,Arre}}[[Iraq]]{{#t:10,50671585,Arre}}i branch {{#t:10,39162149,68.145.24.159}}of the {{#t:9,39162149,68.145.24.159}}Brotherhood,{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|author=Alan Godlas |url=http://www.uga.edu/islam/muslim_brotherhood_iraq.html |title=The Muslim Brotherhood in Iraq |publisher=Uga.edu |date=1968-07-17 |accessdate=2010-08-27}}{{#t:9,50671585,Arre}} but {{#t:10,276013332,Evlekis}}was banned from 1961 during the nationalist rule of {{#t:10,276013332,Evlekis}}[[Abd al-Karim Qasim]]{{#t:10,50671585,Arre}}. As government repression hardened under the {{#t:10,50671585,Arre}}[[Baath Party]]{{#t:10,276013332,Evlekis}} from February 1963, {{#t:10,50671585,Arre}}the group was forced {{#t:10,276013332,Evlekis}}to continue {{#t:10,50671585,Arre}}underground. After the {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}[[2003 invasion of Iraq|fall]]{{#t:10,50671585,Arre}} of the {{#t:10,50671585,Arre}}[[Saddam Hussein]]{{#t:10,50671585,Arre}} regime in 2003, {{#t:9,50671585,Arre}}the Islamic {{#t:8,50671585,Arre}}Party {{#t:8,395584510,94.187.101.61}}along with {{#t:8,395584510,94.187.101.61}}[[Hizb ut-Tahrir]]{{#t:8,395584510,94.187.101.61}} have {{#t:8,50671585,Arre}}reemerged {{#t:9,50671585,Arre}}as one {{#t:10,50671585,Arre}}of the main {{#t:10,98005769,Brainhell}}advocates {{#t:10,50671585,Arre}}of the {{#t:9,50671585,Arre}}country's Sunni {{#t:8,50671585,Arre}}community. {{#t:8,395584510,94.187.101.61}}The Islamic Party {{#t:8,50671585,Arre}}has {{#t:9,50671585,Arre}}been sharply critical {{#t:10,50671585,Arre}}of the {{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}U.S.{{#t:10,50671585,Arre}}-led {{#t:10,50671585,Arre}}[[military occupation|occupation]]{{#t:10,50671585,Arre}} of {{#t:9,50671585,Arre}}Iraq, but participates {{#t:8,50671585,Arre}}in {{#t:7,50671585,Arre}}the {{#t:5,50671585,Arre}}political process.{{#t:5,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/iip.htm |title=Iraqi Islamic Party |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date=2010-05-13 |accessdate=2010-08-27}}{{#t:5,50671585,Arre}} Its {{#t:7,50671585,Arre}}leader {{#t:8,50671585,Arre}}is {{#t:9,81017202,209.89.183.89}}[[Tariq Al-Hashimi]]{{#t:10,177363685,68.228.73.112}}. {{#t:10,177363685,68.228.73.112}}Also, in the north of Iraq {{#t:10,151153465,Simon123}}there are several Islamic movements inspired by or part {{#t:10,22242368,Hamadamas}}of {{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}}the Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,151153465,Simon123}}network. The {{#t:10,151153465,Simon123}}[[Kurdistan Islamic Union]]{{#t:10,151153465,Simon123}} (KIU) holds {{#t:10,32514668,217.54.136.195}}seats {{#t:10,31003507,70.31.209.76}}in the {{#t:10,151153465,Simon123}}Kurdish parliament, {{#t:10,276013449,Evlekis}}as {{#t:10,51078521,Arre}}is the main {{#t:10,151153465,Simon123}}political force outside the dominance of the two main {{#t:10,151153465,Simon123}}[[secularist]]{{#t:10,151153465,Simon123}} parties, the {{#t:10,151153465,Simon123}}[[Patriotic Union of Kurdistan|PUK]]{{#t:10,151153465,Simon123}} and {{#t:9,151153465,Simon123}}[[Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq|KDP]]{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}.{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/not_in_website/syndication/monitoring/media_reports/2588623.stm | work=BBC News | title=Profile: Kurdish Islamist movement | date=2003-01-13 | accessdate=2010-04-06}}{{#t:9,96804473,Publicus}} ==={{#t:10,96804473,Publicus}}Saudi Arabia=== {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}The Muslim Brotherhood's brand of Islam and Islamic politics differs from the strict {{#t:10,155418483,MezzoMezzo}}[[Salafism|Salafi]]{{#t:10,50682557,Arre}} creed, {{#t:10,276741476,Ian Pitchford}}[[Wahhabi]]{{#t:10,276741476,Ian Pitchford}}yya, {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}officially held by the state of {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}[[Saudi Arabia]]{{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}. Despite this, {{#t:10,3424517,SimonP}}the Brotherhood has {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}been {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}tolerated by the Saudi government, and maintains a presence {{#t:10,49373305,Arre}}in the country.{{#t:10,323155933,SmackBot}}{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}{{#t:10,76142035,69.22.20.173}} Aside from tolerating the Brotherhood organization{{#t:10,323155933,SmackBot}}{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}{{#t:10,87673569,Habitual gardner}}, and {{#t:10,84657773,Quaiqu}}according to {{#t:10,84657773,Quaiqu}}[[Washington Post]]{{#t:10,84657773,Quaiqu}} report, Saudi Interior Minister {{#t:10,84657773,Quaiqu}}[[Prince Nayef]]{{#t:10,84657773,Quaiqu}} has denounced the Brotherhood, saying it is guilty of "betrayal of pledges and ingratitude" and is "the source of all problems in the Islamic world.{{#t:10,254672812,Gaius Cornelius}}"{{#t:10,254672812,Gaius Cornelius}}{{#t:10,158982195,BoogaLouie}} ==={{#t:10,158982195,BoogaLouie}}Kuwait=== {{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}}The Muslim {{#t:10,156298466,Vidkun}}Brotherhood {{#t:10,158982195,BoogaLouie}}in Kuwait is {{#t:10,328800127,78.154.212.44}}represented in the Kuwaiti parliament by Hadas.{{#t:9,158982195,BoogaLouie}}''The Future of Political Islam'', by Graham E. Fuller, Palgrave MacMillan, (2003) p.39{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,491925,00.html|title=Charting the Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood}}{{#t:4,151153465,Simon123}} =={{#t:4,411478170,128.239.47.28}}Elsewhere {{#t:4,151153465,Simon123}}in Africa== ==={{#t:10,96804473,Publicus}}Algeria=== {{#t:10,71785454,Sandmonkey}}The Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,93045523,35.8.218.215}}reached {{#t:10,98762521,Tainter}}[[Algeria]]{{#t:10,284246697,Arre}} during the later years of {{#t:10,93045523,35.8.218.215}}the {{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}French {{#t:10,93045523,35.8.218.215}}colonial presence in the country {{#t:10,336226353,Rjwilmsi}}(1830–1962). {{#t:10,93045523,35.8.218.215}}Sheikh Ahmad Sahnoun led {{#t:10,71785454,Sandmonkey}}the {{#t:10,93045523,35.8.218.215}}organization in Algeria between 1953 and 1954 during the French colonialism. {{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}Brotherhood members and sympathizers took part in the uprising against France in {{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}1954–1962, {{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}but the movement was marginalized during the largely secular FLN one-party rule which was installed at independence in 1962. It remained unofficially active, sometimes protesting the government and calling for increased Islamization and Arabization of the country's politics. {{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}When a multi-party system was introduced in Algeria in the early 1990s, {{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}}the Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}formed the {{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}[[Movement for the Society of Peace]]{{#t:10,284246697,Arre}} (MSP, previously known as Hamas), {{#t:10,93045523,35.8.218.215}}led by {{#t:10,98762521,Tainter}}[[Mahfoud Nahnah]]{{#t:10,93045523,35.8.218.215}} until his death in 2003 {{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}(he was succeeded by present party leader {{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}[[Boudjerra Soltani]]{{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}). {{#t:10,71785454,Sandmonkey}}The Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,93045523,35.8.218.215}}in Algeria {{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}did not join the {{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}[[Front islamique du salut]]{{#t:10,284246697,Arre}} (FIS), which emerged as the leading Islamist group, {{#t:10,312378764,78.32.152.157}}winning {{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}the 1991 elections and which was banned in 1992 following a military {{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}[[coup d'état]]{{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}, although some Brotherhood sympathizers did. The Brotherhood subsequently also refused to join the violent post-coup uprising by FIS sympathizers and the {{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}[[Armed Islamic Groups]]{{#t:10,284246697,Arre}} (GIA) against the Algerian state and military which followed, and urged a peaceful resolution to the conflict and a return to democracy. It has thus remained {{#t:10,93045523,35.8.218.215}}a legal political organization and {{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}enjoyed parliamentary and government representation. In 1995, Sheikh Nahnah {{#t:10,93045523,35.8.218.215}}ran for {{#t:10,98762521,Tainter}}[[President of Algeria]]{{#t:10,284246697,Arre}} finishing second with {{#t:10,93045523,35.8.218.215}}25.{{#t:10,254672812,Gaius Cornelius}}38% {{#t:10,93045523,35.8.218.215}}of the popular vote. {{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}During the 2000s, the {{#t:10,288988165,SmackBot}}party—led {{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}by Nahnah's successor {{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}[[Boudjerra Soltani]]{{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}} – {{#t:10,284246697,Arre}}has been a member of a three-party coalition backing {{#t:10,93045523,35.8.218.215}}President {{#t:10,98762521,Tainter}}[[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]{{#t:10,96804473,Publicus}}. ==={{#t:10,96804473,Publicus}}Sudan=== {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}Until the election of {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}[[Hamas]]{{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}} in {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}[[Gaza]]{{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}, {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}[[Sudan]]{{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}} was the one country were the {{#t:10,155419406,MezzoMezzo}}Brotherhood {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}was most successful in gaining power, its members making up a large part {{#t:10,93046042,35.8.218.215}}of the government {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}officialdom following the 1989 coup {{#t:10,211626840,Optigan13}}d'état {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}by General {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}[[Omar Hassan al-Bashir]]{{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}. {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}Always close to Egyptian politics, {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}Sudan {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}has had a Muslim Brotherhood presence since 1949. {{#t:10,93046042,35.8.218.215}}In 1945, a delegation from the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt visited Sudan and held various meetings inside the country advocating and explaining their ideology. Sudan has a long and deep history with the Muslim Brotherhood compared to many other countries. By April 1949, the first branch of the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood organization emerged. However, simultaneously, many Sudanese students studying in Egypt were introduced to the ideology {{#t:10,76131325,69.22.20.173}}of the Brotherhood. {{#t:10,93046042,35.8.218.215}}The Muslim student groups also began organizing in the universities during the 1940s, and the Brotherhood’s main support base has remained to be college educated. In order to unite them, in 1954, a conference was held, attended by various representatives from different groups that appeared to have the same ideology. The conference voted to establish a Unified Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood Organization based on the teachings of Imam Hassan Al-banna. {{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}}An offshoot {{#t:10,93046042,35.8.218.215}}of the Sudanese {{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}}branch of {{#t:10,93046042,35.8.218.215}}the Muslim Brotherhood, {{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}}the {{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}}[[Islamic Charter Front]]{{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}} grew during the 1960, with Islamic scholar {{#t:10,151774552,Simon123}}[[Hasan al-Turabi]]{{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}} becoming its Secretary general in 1964. The {{#t:10,93046042,35.8.218.215}}Islamic Charter Front (ICM) was renamed several times {{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}}most recently being called the {{#t:10,126853637,76.179.2.19}}[[National Islamic Front]]{{#t:10,93046042,35.8.218.215}} (NIF). Turabi has been the prime architect of the NIF as a modern Islamist party. {{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}}He worked {{#t:10,93046042,35.8.218.215}}within the Institutions of the government, which led to a prominent position of his organization in the country. NIF supported women's right to vote and ran women candidates. The Muslim {{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}}Brotherhood/NIF's {{#t:10,93046042,35.8.218.215}}main objective in Sudan was to Islamize the society {{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}}"from above" {{#t:10,93046042,35.8.218.215}}and to institutionalize the Islamic law throughout the country where they succeeded. {{#t:10,93046042,35.8.218.215}}The Brotherhood penetrated into the ruling political organizations, the state army and security personal, the national and regional assemblies, the youth and women organizations of Sudan. They also launched their own mass organizations among the youth and women such as the shabab al-binna, and raidat al-nahda, and {{#t:9,93046042,35.8.218.215}}launched educational {{#t:9,387839309,71.191.17.39}}campaigns {{#t:9,93046042,35.8.218.215}}to Islamize {{#t:10,93046042,35.8.218.215}}the communities throughout the country. At the same time, they {{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}}gained {{#t:10,93046042,35.8.218.215}}control of several newly founded Islamic missionary and relief organizations to spread their ideology. The Brotherhood members took control of the newly established Islamic Banks as directors, administrators, employees and legal advisors, {{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}}which became a {{#t:10,93046042,35.8.218.215}}source of power for the Brotherhood. {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}The Sudanese government has come under considerable criticism for its {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}[[human rights]]{{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}} policies, links to {{#t:10,165142053,24.17.171.84}}terrorist {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}groups, and war in southern Sudan and Darfur. {{#t:10,323155933,SmackBot}}{{See also|Darfur conflict|Second Sudanese Civil War|Human rights in Sudan}}{{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}} {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}The conservatism of {{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}}at least some elements {{#t:10,93046042,35.8.218.215}}of the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}was highlighted in {{#t:10,254672812,Gaius Cornelius}}an {{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}}August 3, 2007 {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}[[Al-Jazeera]]{{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}} television interview of {{#t:10,93046042,35.8.218.215}}Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}}leader Sheikh {{#t:10,151774552,Simon123}}[[Sadeq Abdallah bin Al-Majed]]{{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}. As translated by the Israeli-based {{#t:10,155419406,MezzoMezzo}}[[Middle East Media Research Institute|MEMRI]]{{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}, Bin Al-Majed told {{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}}his interviewer that "the West, and the Americans in particular ... are behind all the tragedies that are taking place in {{#t:10,151774552,Simon123}}[[Darfur]]{{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}}," {{#t:10,323155933,SmackBot}}{{Main|Darfur Conflict}}{{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}} {{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}}as they "realized that it {{#t:10,205708238,MantisEars}}[[Darfur]]{{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}} is full of treasures"; that "Islam does not permit a non-Muslim to rule over Muslims;" and that he had issued a fatwa prohibiting the vaccination of children, on the grounds that {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}the vaccinations were {{#t:10,151715317,BoogaLouie}}"a conspiracy of the {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}[[Jew]]{{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}s and {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}[[Freemason]]{{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}s.{{#t:9,151715317,BoogaLouie}}"{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.memri.org/bin/opener_latest.cgi?ID=SD168507|title=Al-Jazeera Interviews – Muslim Brotherhood Leader in Sudan}}{{#t:9,96804473,Publicus}} ==={{#t:10,96804473,Publicus}}Somalia=== {{#t:10,127053017,KazakhPol}}Somalia's {{#t:10,155419406,MezzoMezzo}}wing of the {{#t:10,76134954,69.22.20.173}}Muslim Brotherhood is {{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}}known by the name Harakat Al-Islah or "Reform Movement". Nonetheless, the Brotherhood, as mentioned earlier, has inspired many Islamist {{#t:10,97521121,Bassemkhalifa}}organizations {{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}}in Somalia. Muslim Brotherhood ideology reached {{#t:10,153219805,Johnpacklambert}}[[Somalia]]{{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}} in the 1960s, but Al-Islah movement was formed in 1978 and slowly grew in the 1980s. {{#t:10,260730324,128.172.143.96}}Al-Islah {{#t:10,261703884,BoogaLouie}}has been described as "a {{#t:10,260730324,128.172.143.96}}generally nonviolent and modernizing Islamic movement that emphasizes the reformation and revival of Islam to meet the challenges of the modern world,{{#t:10,261703884,BoogaLouie}}" whose "goal is the establishment of an {{#t:10,326018288,Globera}}[[Islamic state]]{{#t:10,326018288,Globera}}" {{#t:10,261703884,BoogaLouie}}and which "operates primarily in Mogadishu." {{#t:10,336226353,Rjwilmsi}}[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35382.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2004. Somalia]{{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}} {{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}}The {{#t:10,251797930,70.51.176.6}}founders of the Islah Movement are: Sh. Mohamed Ahmed Nur, Dr. {{#t:10,298551381,Jafeluv}}[[Ali Sheikh Ahmed]]{{#t:10,253758462,70.51.176.64}}, Dr. {{#t:10,251797930,70.51.176.6}}Mohamed Yusuf Abdi, {{#t:10,253758462,70.51.176.64}}Sh. {{#t:10,251797930,70.51.176.6}}Ahmed Rashid Hanafi, {{#t:10,253758462,70.51.176.64}}and Sh. {{#t:10,251797930,70.51.176.6}}Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah. {{#t:10,253758462,70.51.176.64}}The {{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}}organization structured itself loosely and was not {{#t:10,97521121,Bassemkhalifa}}openly visible on the political scene of {{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}}Somali society. {{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}}They chose to {{#t:10,97521121,Bassemkhalifa}}remain {{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}}a secret movement fearing the repressive regime {{#t:10,97521121,Bassemkhalifa}}of {{#t:10,153219805,Johnpacklambert}}[[Siad Barre]]{{#t:10,97521121,Bassemkhalifa}}. However, they emerged from {{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}}secrecy when the regime collapsed in 1991 and started working openly thereafter. Most Somalis were surprised to see the new group they had never heard of, which was in the country since 1970s in secrecy. {{#t:10,251797930,70.51.176.6}}According to the Islah by-law, every five years the organization has to elect its Consultative (Shura) Council which elects the Chairman and the two Vice-chairman. During the last 30 years, four chairmen were elected. These are {{#t:10,251800044,70.51.176.6}}Sheikh {{#t:10,251797930,70.51.176.6}}Mohamed Geryare {{#t:10,336226353,Rjwilmsi}}(1978–1990), {{#t:10,251797930,70.51.176.6}}Dr. Mohamed Ali Ibrahim {{#t:10,336226353,Rjwilmsi}}(1990–1999), {{#t:10,251797930,70.51.176.6}}Dr. Ali Sheikh Ahmed {{#t:10,336226353,Rjwilmsi}}(1999–2008) {{#t:10,253759054,70.51.176.64}}and {{#t:10,251722845,70.51.176.6}}Dr. Ali Bashi Omar {{#t:10,251797930,70.51.176.6}}Roraye {{#t:10,336226353,Rjwilmsi}}(2008–2013). {{#t:10,251722845,70.51.176.6}}Dr. Ali bashi {{#t:10,253759054,70.51.176.64}}is {{#t:10,251722845,70.51.176.6}}a {{#t:10,261175941,Olaf Davis}}[[medical doctor]]{{#t:10,253759054,70.51.176.64}}, a former university professor and a {{#t:10,251722845,70.51.176.6}}member of the transitional {{#t:10,253759054,70.51.176.64}}parliament {{#t:10,336226353,Rjwilmsi}}(2000–2008). {{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}}During {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}the 1990s, {{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}}Al-Islah devoted much effort to humanitarian efforts and providing free basic social services. {{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}}The leaders of Al-Islah played a key role in the educational network and establishing Mogadishu University. Through their network, they educate more than 120,000 students in the city of Mogadishu. {{#t:10,260730324,128.172.143.96}}Many other secondary schools {{#t:10,233606029,85.1.155.203}}such as the {{#t:10,260730324,128.172.143.96}}University of East Africa in Bosasso, Puntland, are externally funded and administered through organizations affiliated with the {{#t:10,261703884,BoogaLouie}}Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated {{#t:10,260730324,128.172.143.96}}Islamic organization Al-Islah.{{#t:10,261703884,BoogaLouie}}{{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}} In Somalia, they are known to be a peaceful organization {{#t:10,97521121,Bassemkhalifa}}that {{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}}does not participate in any factional fighting and {{#t:10,97521121,Bassemkhalifa}}rejects {{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}}the use of violence. {{#t:10,97521121,Bassemkhalifa}}Today the group's {{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}}membership includes urban professionals and students. {{#t:10,97521121,Bassemkhalifa}}According to a {{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}}Crisis Group Report, Somalia’s Islamists, “Al-Islah organization is dominated by a highly educated urban elite whose professional, middle class status and extensive expatriate experiences are alien to most Somalis.” {{#t:10,93044445,35.8.218.215}}Although Al-Islah have been {{#t:10,93044894,35.8.218.215}}criticized by some hardcore Islamists who considered them to be influenced by imperialist western values, Al-Islah speaks of democratic peaceful Somalia. They promote {{#t:10,98006706,Brainhell}}women's {{#t:10,93044894,35.8.218.215}}rights, human rights, and other ideas, which they argue that these concepts originate from Islamic concepts. Al-Islah is gaining momentum in the Somali societies for their humanitarian {{#t:9,93044894,35.8.218.215}}work and moderate {{#t:8,93044894,35.8.218.215}}view {{#t:7,93044894,35.8.218.215}}of {{#t:5,93044894,35.8.218.215}}Islam, {{#t:5,409178913,138.37.229.75}}which {{#t:4,409178913,138.37.229.75}}is compatible to {{#t:4,411166143,194.121.134.241}}modernisation {{#t:4,409178913,138.37.229.75}}and respect of {{#t:5,409178913,138.37.229.75}}human {{#t:6,409178913,138.37.229.75}}right. ==={{#t:10,96804473,Publicus}}Tunisia=== {{#t:10,93045101,35.8.218.215}}Like their counterparts elsewhere in the Islamic world in general, {{#t:10,155419406,MezzoMezzo}}the {{#t:10,93045101,35.8.218.215}}Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood has influenced the Tunisia’s {{#t:10,155419406,MezzoMezzo}}Islamists. {{#t:10,93045101,35.8.218.215}}One of the notable organization that was influenced and inspired by the Brotherhood is Al-Nahda (The {{#t:10,126854757,76.179.2.19}}Revival or {{#t:10,126854757,76.179.2.19}}[[Renaissance Party]]{{#t:10,126854757,76.179.2.19}}), {{#t:10,93045101,35.8.218.215}}which is Tunisia's {{#t:10,365075610,77.42.184.252}}2nd {{#t:10,93045101,35.8.218.215}}major Islamist grouping {{#t:10,365075610,77.42.184.252}}after {{#t:10,365075610,77.42.184.252}}[[Hizb ut-Tahrir]]{{#t:10,93045101,35.8.218.215}}. An Islamist named Rashid Ghannouchi founded the organization in 1981. While studying in Damascus and Paris, Rashid Ghannouchi embraced the ideology {{#t:10,76136641,69.22.20.173}}of the Muslim Brotherhood, {{#t:10,93045101,35.8.218.215}}which he disseminated on his return to Tunisia. ==={{#t:10,96804473,Publicus}}Libya=== {{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}}Libya was one of the first countries {{#t:9,155419406,MezzoMezzo}}outside {{#t:9,151868623,BoogaLouie}}Egypt {{#t:8,151868623,BoogaLouie}}to {{#t:7,151868623,BoogaLouie}}have {{#t:6,151868623,BoogaLouie}}a {{#t:5,151868623,BoogaLouie}}Brotherhood {{#t:5,410569011,80.193.86.26}}group {{#t:5,323155933,SmackBot}}{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}{{#t:6,93045712,35.8.218.215}}. In {{#t:7,93045712,35.8.218.215}}the {{#t:8,93045712,35.8.218.215}}late {{#t:9,127053017,KazakhPol}}1940s {{#t:9,93045712,35.8.218.215}}when {{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}}the Egyptian members were being prosecuted, {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}King {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}[[Idris I of Libya]]{{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}} offered the Brotherhood refuge and {{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}}the freedom to spread their ideology. In 1955, the University of Libya was established in Benghazi, near the Egyptian border, {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}and it drew many Egyptian teachers and lecturers including MB members. {{#t:10,323155933,SmackBot}}{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}{{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}} The Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}}was able to influence a large number of Libyan students during this period. {{#t:10,323155933,SmackBot}}{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}{{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}} {{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}}Dr. Ezzudine Ibrahim was {{#t:10,157535278,Cgingold}}one {{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}}of the most influential founders of {{#t:10,62221355,Summer Interlude}}the {{#t:10,155419406,MezzoMezzo}}Brotherhood {{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}}in Libya. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Brotherhood was a religious and intellectual tendency in Libya and had many followers amongst the intellectuals and students in the university campuses, and by the mid 1970s it developed a structured Brotherhood organization. The Brotherhood in Libya limited itself to peaceful social, political, economic, and cultural activities. {{#t:10,323155933,SmackBot}}{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}{{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}} {{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}}Soon after coming to power, {{#t:10,155419406,MezzoMezzo}}[[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]{{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}} regarded the Brotherhood a potential source of opposition. He arrested many Egyptian Brothers and expelled them back to Egypt. {{#t:10,323155933,SmackBot}}{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}{{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}} In 1973, the security services arrested and tortured members of the Libyan Brotherhood {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}banning the organization and forcing it underground. {{#t:10,323155933,SmackBot}}{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}{{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}} The secrecy phase helped the Brotherhood to become more popular. The Brotherhood operated secretly in groups of interlinked cells, which was spread in the country. {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}The brotherhood remained underground {{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}}until the end of 1970s. At the beginning of 1980s, the Brotherhood renamed itself the {{#t:10,170811740,Personalbest}}“{{#t:10,170811740,Personalbest}}[[Libyan Islamic Group]]{{#t:10,170811740,Personalbest}}” {{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}}(Al-Jama’a al-Islamiya al-Libyia) and tried to re-introduce themselves into the Libyan society. On March 2, 2006, the Libyan government released 132 {{#t:10,155419406,MezzoMezzo}}members {{#t:10,76136641,69.22.20.173}}of the Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,155419406,MezzoMezzo}}that were held as political prisoners.{{#t:10,323155933,SmackBot}}{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}{{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}} {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}Their core ideology, strategy, operations and membership are the same as {{#t:10,155419406,MezzoMezzo}}Brotherhood {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}groups in other countries: it seeks to replace {{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}}the existing regime {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}with one following {{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}}Sharia law through {{#t:10,155419406,MezzoMezzo}}what it claims are {{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}}peaceful means. {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}It has an active {{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}}charitable and welfare wing {{#t:10,155419406,MezzoMezzo}}and has {{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}}attracted many members of the middle classes, mainly academics, students, engineers and {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}business people. {{#t:10,323155933,SmackBot}}{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}{{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}} The group has been strengthened by the {{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}}large number of Libyan students {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}who became member or supporters {{#t:10,114420458,213.212.192.253}}of the {{#t:10,155419406,MezzoMezzo}}Brotherhood {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}while {{#t:10,93045712,35.8.218.215}}studying abroad in the {{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}United Kingdom and {{#t:10,346456651,Psyclonic}}the United States, {{#t:10,151868623,BoogaLouie}}and have returned home to spread its ideology. {{#t:10,323155933,SmackBot}}{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}{{#t:8,151153465,Simon123}} . =={{#t:8,56099133,196.204.222.197}}In {{#t:9,155419638,MezzoMezzo}}the West== ==={{#t:10,96804473,Publicus}}United States=== {{#t:10,81479476,Quaiqu}}The {{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}}Muslim Brotherhood has been active in the {{#t:9,84662457,Quaiqu}}US since the {{#t:8,84662457,Quaiqu}}1960s. Its {{#t:9,155419638,MezzoMezzo}}stated {{#t:9,84662457,Quaiqu}}goals have {{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}}included propagating Islam and creating havens for Muslims in the US, and {{#t:10,87006037,Habitual gardner}}integrating Muslims. {{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}}A main strategy has been {{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}}[[dawah]]{{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}} or Islamic renewal and outreach. In the {{#t:10,94143430,Metamusing}}1960s, {{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}}groups such as U.S. military personnel, prison inmates and {{#t:9,155419638,MezzoMezzo}}African-Americans {{#t:9,84662457,Quaiqu}}were {{#t:8,84662457,Quaiqu}}specifically {{#t:7,84662457,Quaiqu}}targeted {{#t:6,84662457,Quaiqu}}for {{#t:4,84662457,Quaiqu}}dawah. {{#t:4,411495364,Scottwilleke}}According to a report done by the {{#t:4,411495364,Scottwilleke}}[[Nine_Eleven_Finding_Answers_Foundation|NEFA Foundation]]{{#t:4,411495364,Scottwilleke}} which cites evidence from the {{#t:4,411495364,Scottwilleke}}[[Holy_Land_Foundation_for_Relief_and_Development#Mistrial|United States v. Holy Land Foundation]]{{#t:4,411495364,Scottwilleke}} trial, {{#t:4,380202421,79.209.98.233}}the {{#t:6,380202421,79.209.98.233}}goal {{#t:7,363765292,Kl45david}}of {{#t:8,363765292,Kl45david}}the {{#t:9,363765292,Kl45david}}Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:9,380202421,79.209.98.233}}in the USA {{#t:10,380202421,79.209.98.233}}is {{#t:4,411495364,Scottwilleke}}
''Enablement of Islam in North America, meaning: establishing an effective and stable Islamic Movement led by the Muslim Brotherhood which adopts Muslims’ causes domestically and globally, and which works to expand the observant Muslim base, aims at unifying and directing Muslims’ efforts, presents Islam as a civilization alternative, and supports the global Islamic state wherever it is.''http://www1.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/nefaikhwan1007.pdf
{{#t:4,411495364,Scottwilleke}} {{#t:4,411495364,Scottwilleke}}The NEFA Foundation report further explains that in the same document where the goal is stated, considerable time is spent explaining the concept of settlement which is central to the Muslim Brotherhood-led efforts in North America. Settlement is defined as follows: {{#t:4,411495364,Scottwilleke}}
''The process of settlement [of Islam in the United States] is a "Civilization-[[Jihad|Jihadist]]" process with all the word means. The Ikhwan must understand that all their work in America is a kind of grand Jihad in eliminating and destroying the Western civilization from within and "sabotaging" their miserable house by their hands and the hands of the believers so that it is eliminated and God's religion is made victorious over all religions. Without this level of understanding, we are not up to this challenge and have not prepared ourselves for Jihad yet. It is a Muslim's destiny to perform Jihad and work wherever he is and wherever he lands until the final hour comes, and there is no escape from that destiny except for those who choose to slack.''[http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/opinion/columnists/rdreher/s/DN-dreher_09edi.ART.State.Edition1.4235f88.html Rod Dreher: What the Muslim Brotherhood means for the U.S.]
{{#t:4,84662457,Quaiqu}} {{#t:4,84662457,Quaiqu}}Organizations {{#t:5,84662457,Quaiqu}}in {{#t:7,84662457,Quaiqu}}the {{#t:8,84662457,Quaiqu}}US {{#t:9,238198786,BoogaLouie}}started by {{#t:9,84662457,Quaiqu}}activists {{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}}involved with {{#t:10,81479476,Quaiqu}}the Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,238198786,BoogaLouie}}include {{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}}the {{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}}[[Muslim Students Association]]{{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}} in 1963,{{#t:10,200061664,Lemmey}}{{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}} {{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}}[[North American Islamic Trust]]{{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}} in 1971, the {{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}}[[Islamic Society of North America]]{{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}} in 1981, the {{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}}[[American Muslim Council]]{{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}} in 1990, the {{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}}[[Muslim American Society]]{{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}} in 1992, and the {{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}}[[International Institute of Islamic Thought]]{{#t:10,84662457,Quaiqu}} in the 1980s.{{#t:10,200061664,Lemmey}}{{#t:10,238198786,BoogaLouie}} According to the {{#t:10,209252647,18.97.7.160}}[[Washington Post]]{{#t:10,209252647,18.97.7.160}}, Muslim activists say MSA's members represent "all schools of Islam and political leanings {{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}– {{#t:10,209252647,18.97.7.160}}many are {{#t:10,209252647,18.97.7.160}}[[moderate]]{{#t:10,209252647,18.97.7.160}}s, while others express anti-U.S. views or support {{#t:10,275438179,41.235.30.242}}resistance {{#t:10,209252647,18.97.7.160}}against Israelis."{{#t:10,209252647,18.97.7.160}}{{#t:10,160992457,Styrenemace}} {{#t:10,160992457,Styrenemace}}The {{#t:10,343327016,Mrmuk}}[[Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development#Terrorism charges|Holy Land Foundation trial]]{{#t:10,160992457,Styrenemace}} has {{#t:10,117072359,Aaliyah Stevens}}led {{#t:10,84893431,Habitual gardner}}to the {{#t:10,160992457,Styrenemace}}release {{#t:9,160992457,Styrenemace}}as evidence of {{#t:9,391915615,H3llBot}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.nefafoundation.org/hlfdocs.html |title=United States v. Holy Land Foundation |publisher=The NEFA Foundation |date= |accessdate=2010-08-27}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}{{#t:9,341415806,66.71.235.184}} several documents on {{#t:10,75044025,198.166.60.64}}the Muslim Brotherhood. {{#t:10,326744318,Sgmiller}}One of these {{#t:10,343327016,Mrmuk}}documents, {{#t:10,326744318,Sgmiller}}dated in 1991, explains that the goal of the {{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}}Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,18623039,Beroul}}in {{#t:10,326744318,Sgmiller}}the U.S. is “settlement”, defined {{#t:10,339000362,160.93.106.208}}by the author {{#t:10,326744318,Sgmiller}}as a form of jihad aimed at destroying Western civilization from within and allowing for the victory of Islam over other religions.{{#t:10,336226353,Rjwilmsi}}"The Muslim Brotherhood in the United States" http://www.currenttrends.org/docLib/20090411_Merley.USBROTHERHOOD.pdf{{#t:10,326744318,Sgmiller}} In another {{#t:10,160992457,Styrenemace}}one of these documents, "Ikhwan in America", {{#t:10,339000362,160.93.106.208}}the {{#t:10,341120433,71.205.203.253}}author {{#t:10,343327016,Mrmuk}}alleges {{#t:10,160992457,Styrenemace}}that the activities {{#t:10,22242368,Hamadamas}}of {{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}}the Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,160992457,Styrenemace}}in the US include going to camps to do weapons training (referred to as Special work by the Muslim Brotherhood),{{#t:10,206259593,BertVorenk}}Zeid al-Noman, [http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/HLF/IkhwanAmerica.pdf "Ikhwan in America"], pp. 13 and 16{{#t:10,159110819,Ahlusunah}} as well as {{#t:10,160992457,Styrenemace}}engaging in {{#t:10,160992457,Styrenemace}}[[counter-espionage]]{{#t:10,160992457,Styrenemace}} against US government agencies {{#t:10,43734431,87.74.48.207}}such as {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}the {{#t:10,160992457,Styrenemace}}[[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]{{#t:10,160992457,Styrenemace}} and {{#t:10,160992457,Styrenemace}}[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]{{#t:10,160992457,Styrenemace}} (referred to as Securing the Group).{{#t:10,206259593,BertVorenk}}Zeid al-Noman, [http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/HLF/IkhwanAmerica.pdf "Ikhwan in America"], p. 13{{#t:10,346456651,Psyclonic}} In November 2008 the Holy Land Foundation was found guilty of illegally funding Palestinian {{#t:10,367020797,Ian Pitchford}}militant {{#t:10,346456651,Psyclonic}}group Hamas, which is designated by the United States {{#t:9,346456651,Psyclonic}}as a terrorist group.{{#t:8,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/112508dnmetholylandverdicts.1e5022504.html |title=Holy Land Foundation defendants guilty on all counts | News for Dallas, Texas | Dallas Morning News | Latest News |publisher=Dallasnews.com |date=2008-11-25 |accessdate=2010-08-27}}{{#t:8,360360949,Dmyersturnbull}} =={{#t:8,278344409,Haberstr}} Criticisms == ==={{#t:10,341610854,Miss-simworld}}Motives=== {{#t:10,223420820,Billybud989}}Numerous officials and reporters question {{#t:10,136851503,Leroy65X}}the sincerity {{#t:10,128821034,196.205.132.16}}of the {{#t:10,173059891,Twalls}}MB's pronouncements. These critics {{#t:10,136845575,Leroy65X}}include, {{#t:10,170265274,Billybud989}}but are {{#t:10,173059891,Twalls}}not {{#t:10,170265274,Billybud989}}limited to: *{{#t:9,173059891,Twalls}}U.S. {{#t:8,173059891,Twalls}}[[White House]]{{#t:7,125876790,Billybud989}} counterterrorism {{#t:5,125876790,Billybud989}}chief {{#t:4,268015340,221.188.68.228}}[[Juan Zarate]]{{#t:4,136845575,Leroy65X}}, who {{#t:5,136845575,Leroy65X}}says {{#t:7,125876790,Billybud989}}"The {{#t:8,125876790,Billybud989}}Muslim {{#t:9,125876790,Billybud989}}Brotherhood is {{#t:10,125876790,Billybud989}}a group that worries us not because it deals with philosophical or ideological ideas but because it defends the use of violence against civilians."{{#t:10,381357991,Gobonobo}}[http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=3996 Ehrenfeld, Rachel and Lappen, Alyssa A., (16 June 2006) "The Truth about the Muslim Brotherhood" Front Page Magazine, citing Sylvain Besson, La Conquête De L’Occident: Le Projet Secret Des Islamistes, as quoted in Guitta, Olivier, (20 February 2006), "The Cartoon Jihad," The Weekly Standard]. Retrieved 3-1-2007.{{#t:10,381357991,Gobonobo}}{{#t:10,381357991,Gobonobo}}[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=27519 Poole, Patrick, (26 March 2007) "Mainstreaming the Muslim Brotherhood" Front Page Magazine, citing Sylvain Besson, La Conquête De L’Occident: Le Projet Secret Des Islamistes, p. 39)]. Retrieved 4-25-2007.{{#t:10,136845575,Leroy65X}} *{{#t:10,170265274,Billybud989}}{{#t:10,170265274,Billybud989}}[[Raymond Ibrahim]]{{#t:10,170265274,Billybud989}}, editor of The Al Qaeda Reader, who notes that {{#t:10,268015585,221.188.68.228}}[[Muhammad]]{{#t:10,170265274,Billybud989}} himself described war as "deceit" and that Muslim Brotherhood disciples, past and present, merely duplicate the "everlasting words of Allah," as iterated in the Qur'an.{{#t:10,381357991,Gobonobo}}[http://article.nationalreview.com/print/?q=NGIxMmVmZjRjYTEzNGVlYjJjNDBhNTA4ZTQ3OTdhZTY= Raymond Ibrahim on Abu Hamza al-Masri on National Review Online]{{#t:10,381357991,Gobonobo}}{{#t:10,381357991,Gobonobo}}[http://www.americanthinker.com/2007/11/the_al_qaeda_reader_a_review.html American Thinker: The Al Qaeda Reader: A Review]{{#t:10,170265274,Billybud989}} *{{#t:10,323691021,Grandia01}}{{#t:10,323691021,Grandia01}}[[Miles Axe Copeland, Jr.]]{{#t:10,323691021,Grandia01}} -a prominent {{#t:10,337964419,Ground Zero}}U.S. {{#t:10,337964419,Ground Zero}}[[Central Intelligence Agency]]{{#t:10,337964419,Ground Zero}} (CIA) {{#t:10,323691021,Grandia01}}operative who was one of the founding {{#t:9,323691021,Grandia01}}members of the {{#t:8,337964419,Ground Zero}}[[Office of Strategic Services]]{{#t:6,337964419,Ground Zero}} (OSS) {{#t:3,323691021,Grandia01}}under {{#t:3,411641249,Lilac Soul}}[[William Joseph Donovan|William Donovan]]{{#t:3,323691021,Grandia01}}- {{#t:6,323691021,Grandia01}}divulges {{#t:8,323691021,Grandia01}}the {{#t:9,323691021,Grandia01}}confessions of numerous {{#t:10,323691021,Grandia01}}members {{#t:10,279470636,Karen Stasevich}}of the Muslim {{#t:10,323691021,Grandia01}}brotherhood that resulted from the harsh interrogations done against them by Egyptian president {{#t:10,323691021,Grandia01}}[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]{{#t:10,323691021,Grandia01}}, for their alleged involvement in the assassination attempt made against Nasser (an assassination attempt that many believe was staged by Nasser {{#t:9,323691021,Grandia01}}himself {{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/weekend-review/articles/revolutionary-leader-1.40238 |title=Revolutionary leader |publisher=gulfnews |date= |accessdate=2010-08-27}}{{#t:9,323691021,Grandia01}}), {{#t:10,323691021,Grandia01}}which revealed that the Muslim Brotherhood was merely a "guild" that fulfilled the goals of western interests: "Nor was that all. Sound beatings of the Moslem Brotherhood organizers who had been arrested revealed that the organization had been thoroughly penetrated, at the top, by the British, American, French and Soviet intelligence services, any one of which could either make active use of it or blow it up, whichever best suited its purposes. Important lesson: fanaticism is no insurance against corruption; indeed, the two are highly compatible." .{{#t:10,345704213,85.154.24.102}}[[Miles Axe Copeland, Jr.]], "The Game of Nations: The Amorality of Power Politics, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970"{{#t:10,323691021,Grandia01}} *{{#t:10,170265274,Billybud989}}{{#t:10,170265274,Billybud989}}[[Douglas Farah]]{{#t:10,170265274,Billybud989}}, a veteran international reporter who describes current Muslim Brotherhood propaganda as a "charm offensive."{{#t:10,381357991,Gobonobo}}[http://www.douglasfarah.com/article/197/the-amazing-deception-in-the-muslim-brotherhoods-charm-offensive.com Douglas Farah: The Amazing Deception in the Muslim Brotherhood's Charm Offensive]{{#t:10,136845575,Leroy65X}} *{{#t:10,125885181,Billybud989}}Former U.S. Middle East peace envoy Dennis Ross, {{#t:10,136845575,Leroy65X}}who told {{#t:10,136845575,Leroy65X}}[[Asharq Alawsat]]{{#t:10,136845575,Leroy65X}} newspaper {{#t:10,125885181,Billybud989}}that {{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}}the Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,125885181,Billybud989}}is a global, not a local organization, governed by a Shura (Consultative) Council, which rejects cessation of violence in Israel, and supports violence to achieve its political objectives elsewhere {{#t:9,125885181,Billybud989}}too.{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=3&id=8310|title=Lufti, Manal, "The Brotherhood and America Part III," (14 March 2007) Asharq Alawsat}}{{#t:9,170265274,Billybud989}} *{{#t:10,261870065,196.219.66.14}}{{#t:10,261870065,196.219.66.14}}[[Magdy Khalil]]{{#t:10,170265274,Billybud989}}, executive editor of Egypt's Watani International, who reports consistent MB deceit concerning Egypt's 12.5% {{#t:10,268015788,221.188.68.228}}[[Coptic Christian]]{{#t:10,170265274,Billybud989}} population, so as to oppress and dhimmify them.{{#t:10,381357991,Gobonobo}}[http://mideastoutpost.com/archives/000262.html Mideast Outpost: THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD AND THE COPTS]{{#t:10,306858592,24.60.157.93}} *{{#t:10,306858592,24.60.157.93}}The Interior Minister of Saudi Arabia, Prince Naif Ibn Abdul Aziz has stated that {{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}}the Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,306858592,24.60.157.93}}organization was the cause of most problems in the Arab world. 'The Brotherhood has done great damage to Saudi Arabia,' he said. Prince Naif accused the foremost Islamist group in the Arab world of harming the interests of Muslims. 'All our problems come from {{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}}the Muslim Brotherhood. {{#t:10,306858592,24.60.157.93}}We have given too much support to this group..." "The Muslim Brotherhood has destroyed the Arab world,' he said. 'Whenever they got into difficulty or found their freedom restricted in their own countries, Brotherhood activists found refuge in the Kingdom which protected their lives... But they later turned against the Kingdom…' {{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}}The Muslim Brotherhood {{#t:10,306858592,24.60.157.93}}has links to groups across the Arab world, including Jordan's main parliamentary opposition, the 'Islamic Action Front,' and the 'Palestinian resistance movement, 'Hamas." The Interior Minister's outburst against the Brotherhood came amid mounting criticism in the United States of Saudi Arabia's longstanding support for Islamist groups around the world…"{{#t:10,323155933,SmackBot}}MEMRI, the Middle East Media Research Institute posted this at their website, [http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Area=sd&ID=SP44602] introducing it with the following: "On November 29, 'Ain-Al-Yaqeen, a weekly news magazine published online by the Saudi royal family, released an English translation of an interview with Saudi Minister of Interior Prince Nayef Ibn Abd Al-Aziz; the interview originally appeared in the Kuwaiti newspaper Al Siyasa. The following are excerpts from the translation[1] as it appeared in the Saudi weekly."{{#t:10,278339140,Haberstr}} ==={{#t:10,158972324,BoogaLouie}}Links to violence=== *{{#t:10,76139713,69.22.20.173}}The Brotherhood is {{#t:10,111936771,Leroy65X}}widely believed to have had a {{#t:10,360365517,Dmyersturnbull}}"secret apparatus" responsible for {{#t:10,111936771,Leroy65X}}attacks in Egypt, including {{#t:10,98595344,Test2return}}the assassination of {{#t:10,360365517,Dmyersturnbull}}[[Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha]]{{#t:10,360365517,Dmyersturnbull}}, the Egyptian {{#t:10,111936771,Leroy65X}}Prime Minister in 1948{{#t:10,254672812,Gaius Cornelius}}''Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience'' by Caryle Murphy, p.54{{#t:10,313964958,213.112.234.6}} and the president of Egypt in 1981{{#t:10,336226353,Rjwilmsi}}'' State, Power & Politics in the making of The Modern Middle East'' by Roger Owen, p.180{{#t:10,136845575,Leroy65X}} *{{#t:10,247010146,76.65.22.89}}{{#t:10,247010146,76.65.22.89}}[[Rachel Aspden]]{{#t:10,247010146,76.65.22.89}}'s article, {{#t:10,360365517,Dmyersturnbull}}The {{#t:10,247010146,76.65.22.89}}Rise of the Brotherhood {{#t:10,360365517,Dmyersturnbull}}states that {{#t:10,247010146,76.65.22.89}}The Muslim {{#t:10,111936771,Leroy65X}}Brotherhood currently advocates {{#t:10,113770512,74.56.140.183}}suicide bombing attacks {{#t:10,118533787,Leroy65X}}on civilians {{#t:10,76143206,69.22.20.173}}to fight {{#t:10,79151169,Skeeter08865}}[[Zionism]]{{#t:10,111936771,Leroy65X}}, and {{#t:10,365373845,122.107.224.148}}its self-admitted {{#t:10,111936771,Leroy65X}}Palestinian wing {{#t:10,111936771,Leroy65X}}[[Hamas]]{{#t:10,365373845,122.107.224.148}} indiscriminately {{#t:10,111936771,Leroy65X}}targets {{#t:10,365374029,122.107.224.148}}Jews as such, {{#t:10,111936771,Leroy65X}}both civilians and the military, in Israel.{{#t:10,365373845,122.107.224.148}}Aspden, Rachel (20 February 2006) "The Rise of the Brotherhood" ''New Statesman'' 135(4780) p.15{{#t:10,365373845,122.107.224.148}} In its Charter, Hamas cites {{#t:10,365373845,122.107.224.148}}[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]{{#t:10,365373845,122.107.224.148}} and prophesizes the ultimate complete annihilation of Jewry.{{#t:10,365373845,122.107.224.148}}See Wikipedia article on [[Hamas]], quoting the Charter, and with references.{{#t:10,136845575,Leroy65X}} *{{#t:10,124639592,Leroy65X}}{{#t:10,124639592,Leroy65X}}[[Newsweek]]{{#t:10,124635077,Leroy65X}} journalists Mark Hosenball and Michael Isikoff {{#t:10,360365517,Dmyersturnbull}}reported {{#t:10,124635077,Leroy65X}}connections between {{#t:10,124639592,Leroy65X}}[[al-Qaeda]]{{#t:10,124635077,Leroy65X}} and Brotherhood figures {{#t:10,124639592,Leroy65X}}[[Mamoun Darkazanli]]{{#t:10,136845575,Leroy65X}} and {{#t:10,158977908,BoogaLouie}}[[Youssef Nada]]{{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}.{{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}[http://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/about/show_the_brotherhood.html] "Spreading fundamentalist Islam – but does the Muslim Brotherhood also support terrorism?"{{#t:10,158977908,BoogaLouie}} *{{#t:10,158977908,BoogaLouie}}A similar article in the {{#t:10,158977908,BoogaLouie}}[[Financial Times]]{{#t:10,151195709,Simon123}} reported financial links between {{#t:10,158977908,BoogaLouie}}74-year-old Swiss Muslim convert, {{#t:10,360365517,Dmyersturnbull}}and businessman {{#t:10,360365517,Dmyersturnbull}}[[Ahmed Huber]]{{#t:10,360365517,Dmyersturnbull}}, and members of {{#t:10,247010146,76.65.22.89}}the Muslim {{#t:10,111936771,Leroy65X}}Brotherhood, {{#t:10,151195709,Simon123}}notably {{#t:10,151195709,Simon123}}[[Youssef Nada]]{{#t:10,267247213,62.203.185.162}}, {{#t:10,267247213,62.203.185.162}}[[Ali Ghaleb Himmat]]{{#t:10,158977908,BoogaLouie}}. According to {{#t:10,76142035,69.22.20.173}}the U.S. {{#t:10,158977908,BoogaLouie}}government, Al Taqwa "has long acted as financial advisers to al-Qaeda." Huber is noted in Europe for his links with alleged {{#t:10,151195709,Simon123}}[[neo-Nazi]]{{#t:10,151195709,Simon123}} and other far right elements.{{#t:10,158977908,BoogaLouie}}{{#t:10,254672812,Gaius Cornelius}}{{#t:10,254672812,Gaius Cornelius}}[http://cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0203/05/i_ins.01.html www.cnn.com] Links Between American, European Terrorist Groups. Transcript of interview with [[Ahmed Huber]] aired March 5, 2002{{#t:10,158977908,BoogaLouie}} He is reported to have "confirmed" having "had contact with associates of Osama bin Laden at an Islamic conference in Beirut," whom he called `very discreet, well-educated, very intelligent people.`{{#t:10,254672812,Gaius Cornelius}}[http://specials.ft.com/theresponse/FT38ZL6ZSTC.html www.ft.com] Far-right has ties with Islamic extreme. By Hugh Williamson and Philipp Jaklin. 8 November 2001{{#t:10,136845575,Leroy65X}} *{{#t:10,124639592,Leroy65X}}{{#t:10,124639592,Leroy65X}}[[Abdul Rahman al-Amoudi]]{{#t:10,124635077,Leroy65X}} was an influential lobbyist {{#t:10,124639592,Leroy65X}}and founder and {{#t:10,49375400,Arre}}head of the {{#t:10,124641115,Leroy65X}}Brotherhood-linked {{#t:10,124639592,Leroy65X}}[[American Muslim Council]]{{#t:10,124635077,Leroy65X}} before being convicted {{#t:10,124641115,Leroy65X}}and sentenced to 23 years in prison {{#t:10,124635077,Leroy65X}}for conspiracy to murder {{#t:10,124639592,Leroy65X}}Saudi {{#t:10,124641115,Leroy65X}}[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Prince Abdullah]]{{#t:10,124639592,Leroy65X}} at the behest of {{#t:10,138309062,Rjwilmsi}}[[Libya]]{{#t:10,138309062,Rjwilmsi}}n {{#t:10,124641115,Leroy65X}}leader {{#t:10,124641115,Leroy65X}}[[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]{{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}.{{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}[http://www.militantislammonitor.org/article/id/306] "Abdulrahman Alamoudi – Head of American Muslim Council goes to jail for 23 years"{{#t:10,278339140,Haberstr}} ==={{#t:10,261707000,BoogaLouie}}Status of non-Muslims=== *{{#t:10,159285350,BoogaLouie}}In 1997 Muslim Brotherhood Supreme Guide {{#t:10,225102874,Murtasa}}[[Mustafa Mashhur]]{{#t:10,159285350,BoogaLouie}} told journalist Khalid Daoud{{#t:10,336226353,Rjwilmsi}}article printed in ''Al Ahram Weekly'' July 5–9, 1997, quoted in Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience by Caryle Murphy, p.241, 330{{#t:9,159285350,BoogaLouie}} that he {{#t:8,159285350,BoogaLouie}}thought {{#t:7,165480267,Abb3w}}Egypt's {{#t:5,159285350,BoogaLouie}}Coptic {{#t:4,159285350,BoogaLouie}}Christians {{#t:4,411036586,96.255.183.237}}and Orthodox Jews {{#t:4,159285350,BoogaLouie}}should {{#t:5,159285350,BoogaLouie}}pay {{#t:7,159285350,BoogaLouie}}the {{#t:8,159285350,BoogaLouie}}long-abandoned {{#t:9,159285350,BoogaLouie}}[[jizya]]{{#t:9,159285350,BoogaLouie}} poll {{#t:10,159285350,BoogaLouie}}tax, levied on non-Muslims {{#t:10,342804926,98.232.236.49}}in {{#t:10,206828909,Kash545}}exchange for protection from the state, {{#t:10,342804926,98.232.236.49}}rationalized by {{#t:10,206828909,Kash545}}the fact that {{#t:10,223249608,Wai Hong}}non-Muslims {{#t:10,206828909,Kash545}}are exempt from military service while it is compulsory for Muslims. {{#t:10,159285350,BoogaLouie}}He went on to say, {{#t:10,342804926,98.232.236.49}}"we {{#t:10,159285350,BoogaLouie}}do not mind having Christians members in the {{#t:10,351849609,85.242.1.95}}[[People's Assembly of Egypt|People's Assembly]]{{#t:10,159285350,BoogaLouie}}...the top officials, especially in the army, should be Muslims since we are a Muslim country...This is necessary {{#t:10,342804926,98.232.236.49}}because when {{#t:10,159285350,BoogaLouie}}a Christian country attacks the Muslim country and the army has Christian elements, they can facilitate our {{#t:9,159285350,BoogaLouie}}defeat by {{#t:8,159285350,BoogaLouie}}the {{#t:7,159285350,BoogaLouie}}enemy.{{#t:4,342804926,98.232.236.49}}"{{#t:3,254672812,Gaius Cornelius}}''Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience,'' by Caryle Murphy, Simon and Schuster, 2002, p.241, 330{{#t:3,278339140,Haberstr}} ==={{#t:3,278339140,Haberstr}}Response {{#t:4,278339140,Haberstr}}to {{#t:6,278339140,Haberstr}}criticism=== {{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}The {{#t:10,155418106,MezzoMezzo}}Brotherhood itself {{#t:10,136860793,Leroy65X}}denounces the "catchy and effective terms and phrases" like {{#t:10,268017142,221.188.68.228}}"{{#t:10,268017142,221.188.68.228}}[[fundamentalist]]{{#t:10,268017142,221.188.68.228}}" {{#t:10,136860793,Leroy65X}}and "political Islam" {{#t:10,155418106,MezzoMezzo}}which it claims are {{#t:10,136860793,Leroy65X}}used by "Western Media" to pigeonhole the {{#t:10,155418106,MezzoMezzo}}group, {{#t:10,136860793,Leroy65X}}and points to its "15 Principles" for an Egyptian National Charter, including "freedom of personal conviction... opinion... forming political parties... public gatherings... free and fair elections...{{#t:9,136860793,Leroy65X}}"{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.ikhwanweb.com/Article.asp?ID=813&LevelID=2&SectionID=116|title=The Principles of The Muslim Brotherhood}}{{#t:9,278339140,Haberstr}} {{#t:9,278339140,Haberstr}}Similarly, {{#t:10,136845575,Leroy65X}}some {{#t:10,122589289,Leroy65X}}analysts maintain that whatever {{#t:10,93046042,35.8.218.215}}the source of {{#t:10,122586472,Leroy65X}}modern Jihadi terrorism {{#t:10,124641115,Leroy65X}}and the actions {{#t:10,278339140,Haberstr}}and words {{#t:10,124641115,Leroy65X}}of some rogue members, {{#t:10,122586472,Leroy65X}}the Brotherhood now has little in {{#t:10,123366091,204.99.159.77}}common {{#t:10,122586472,Leroy65X}}with radical Islamists and modern jihadists who {{#t:10,122589289,Leroy65X}}often condemn the Brotherhood {{#t:10,122586472,Leroy65X}}as too moderate. {{#t:10,158977908,BoogaLouie}}They also deny the {{#t:10,159897489,Iridescent}}existence {{#t:10,158977908,BoogaLouie}}of any centralized and secretive global MB {{#t:9,158977908,BoogaLouie}}leadership.{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070301faessay86208/robert-s-leiken-steven-brooke/the-moderate-muslim-brotherhood.html|title=The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood}}{{#t:9,297824486,78.152.200.250}} Some {{#t:10,297824599,78.152.200.250}}claim {{#t:10,173059891,Twalls}}that {{#t:10,122589289,Leroy65X}}the origins {{#t:10,111332746,Aaliyah Stevens}}of modern Muslim terrorism {{#t:10,122589289,Leroy65X}}are found in {{#t:10,128880517,Calm}}[[Wahhabi]]{{#t:10,111332746,Aaliyah Stevens}} ideology, not {{#t:10,122589289,Leroy65X}}that {{#t:10,22242368,Hamadamas}}of {{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}}the Muslim {{#t:9,8249676,24.148.55.149}}Brotherhood.{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/4-10-2006-93214.asp|title=The root of terrorism is Wahabism}}{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.ataturksociety.org/letters/tarhan.html|title=The root of terrorism}}{{#t:10,151153465,Simon123}} =={{#t:10,382508361,The Egyptian Liberal}}In media== {{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Main|Al-Gama'a}}{{#t:9,382508361,The Egyptian Liberal}} =={{#t:10,6144886,Alberuni}}See also== {{#t:10,138309062,Rjwilmsi}}{{Islamism}}{{#t:10,81479476,Quaiqu}} =={{#t:10,39083267,Carabinieri}}Footnotes== {{#t:10,306732499,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Reflist|2}}{{#t:10,37060213,209.89.183.89}} =={{#t:10,12942314,AI}}References== *{{#t:10,253966802,70.51.176.64}}Abdullahi, Abdurahman (Baadiyow) {{#t:10,307290229,Bejnar}}(October 2008) {{#t:10,307290229,Bejnar}}[http://www.hiiraan.com/oct2008/ISLAH.pdf "The Islah Movement: Islamic moderation in war-torn Somalia"]{{#t:10,307290229,Bejnar}} Hiiraan Online Mogadishu, Somalia *{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite book|last=Baer |first=Robert| title=[[See No Evil (book)|See No Evil]]: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA's War on Terrorism| publisher=Three Rivers Press| isbn = 978-1-4000-4684-3 | year=2002}}{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}} *{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Amnon|title=Political Parties in the West Bank under the Jordanian Regime, 1949–1967|publisher=Cornell University Press|year= 1982|place=Ithaca, NY|isbn=978-0-8014-1321-6}}{{#t:10,307290229,Bejnar}} *{{#t:10,307290229,Bejnar}}Cohen, Nick (9 July 2006) {{#t:10,307290229,Bejnar}}[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1816257,00.html "The Foreign Office ought to be serving Britain, not radical Islam"]{{#t:10,307290229,Bejnar}} The Observer London *{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{#t:9,387522194,Rich Farmbrough}}{{Cite book|last=Dreyfuss|first= Robert|title= Devil's Game: How the United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam|publisher= Owl Books |year=2006|isbn=978-0-8050-7652-3}}{{#t:9,109013572,Onda}} *{{#t:10,66316833,134.147.181.141}}Grundmann, Johannes {{#t:10,307290229,Bejnar}}(2005) {{#t:10,66316833,134.147.181.141}}Islamische Internationalisten {{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}– {{#t:10,66316833,134.147.181.141}}Strukturen und Aktivitäten der Muslimbruderschaft und der Islamischen Weltliga. Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden. ISBN {{#t:10,89524002,SmackBot}}3-89500-447-2; {{#t:10,381357991,Gobonobo}}[[Media:Buchrezension Grundmann Islamische Internationalisten.pdf|(Review by I. Küpeli)]]{{#t:10,39083267,Carabinieri}} *{{#t:10,39083267,Carabinieri}}Küntzel, Matthias {{#t:10,307290229,Bejnar}}(2002) {{#t:10,365355579,122.107.224.148}}Djihad {{#t:10,307290229,Bejnar}}und Judenhaß: Über den neuen antijüdischen {{#t:10,365355579,122.107.224.148}}Krieg {{#t:10,307290229,Bejnar}}Ça-Ira-Verlag, Freiburg, ISBN 978-3-924627-07-2 {{#t:10,365355181,122.107.224.148}}Also available in English translation as: *{{#t:10,365355181,122.107.224.148}}Küntzel, Matthias (2007) {{#t:10,365355579,122.107.224.148}}Jihad {{#t:10,365355181,122.107.224.148}}and Jew-Hatred: Islamism, Nazism and the Roots of {{#t:10,365355579,122.107.224.148}}9/11 {{#t:10,365355181,122.107.224.148}}Telos Press, New York, ISBN {{#t:10,371393051,FrescoBot}}978-0-914386-36-0 *{{#t:10,365355181,122.107.224.148}}Mallmann, Klaus-Michael and Martin Cüppers (2006) {{#t:10,365355579,122.107.224.148}}Halbmond {{#t:10,365355181,122.107.224.148}}und Hakenkreuz: Das 'Dritte Reich', die Araber und {{#t:10,365355579,122.107.224.148}}Palästina {{#t:10,365355181,122.107.224.148}}Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt. ISBN {{#t:10,371393051,FrescoBot}}978-3-534-19729-3 *{{#t:10,307290229,Bejnar}}Mayer, Thomas (1982) "The Military Force of Islam: The Society {{#t:10,22242368,Hamadamas}}of {{#t:10,8249676,24.148.55.149}}the Muslim {{#t:10,307290229,Bejnar}}Brethren and the Palestine Question, {{#t:10,356187276,Epeefleche}}1945–1948" {{#t:10,307290229,Bejnar}}In Kedourie, Elie and Haim, Sylvia G. (1982) Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel Frank Cass, London, pp. {{#t:10,336226353,Rjwilmsi}}100–117, {{#t:10,307290229,Bejnar}}ISBN 0-7146-3169-8 *{{#t:10,88249251,Dhimmitude}}Vidino, Lorenzo {{#t:10,307290229,Bejnar}}(2005) {{#t:10,307290229,Bejnar}}[http://www.meforum.org/687/the-muslim-brotherhoods-conquest-of-europe "The Muslim Brotherhood's Conquest of Europe"]{{#t:10,88249251,Dhimmitude}} Middle East Quarterly {{#t:10,307290229,Bejnar}}12(1): =={{#t:6,4101946,IZAK}}External {{#t:4,4101946,IZAK}}links== {{#t:3,411716943,AnomieBOT}}{{linkfarm|date=February 2011}}{{#t:3,156040613,71.105.23.40}} {{#t:3,156040613,71.105.23.40}}{{Wikiquote}}{{#t:10,707505,Skysmith}} *{{#t:10,32489250,217.54.136.195}}{{#t:10,32489250,217.54.136.195}}[http://www.ikhwanweb.com/ The Egyptian Brotherhood's official page.]{{#t:10,32489250,217.54.136.195}} In English. *{{#t:10,24099122,Thadswanek}}{{#t:10,24099122,Thadswanek}}[http://www.ikhwanonline.com/ The Egyptian Brotherhood's official page.]{{#t:10,24099122,Thadswanek}} In Arabic. *{{#t:10,340371210,41.191.10.32}}{{#t:10,340371210,41.191.10.32}}[http://ikhwanscope.net]{{#t:10,340371210,41.191.10.32}} for research In English. *{{#t:10,85121212,82.201.178.171}}{{#t:10,85121212,82.201.178.171}}[http://www.hassanalbanna.com/ Founder of the Muslim Brotherhood.]{{#t:10,85121212,82.201.178.171}} In Arabic. *{{#t:10,278712195,Hp guiden}}{{#t:10,278712195,Hp guiden}}[http://www.ikhwansyria.com/ The Syrian Brotherhood's page.]{{#t:10,24099122,Thadswanek}} In Arabic. *{{#t:10,278712195,Hp guiden}}{{#t:10,278712195,Hp guiden}}[http://www.ikhwanjo.com/ The Jordanian Brotherhood's official page.]{{#t:10,24099122,Thadswanek}} In Arabic. *{{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}{{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}[http://www.jabha.net/ The Islamic Action Front.]{{#t:10,50673092,Arre}} In Arabic. *{{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}{{#t:10,50682557,Arre}}[http://www.iraqiparty.org/ The Iraqi Islamic Party.]{{#t:10,50673092,Arre}} In Arabic. *{{#t:3,50682557,Arre}}{{#t:3,50682557,Arre}}[http://www.turabi.com/ Hasan al-Turabi homepage.]{{#t:6,50682557,Arre}} In {{#t:7,50682557,Arre}}English {{#t:8,50682557,Arre}}and {{#t:9,50682557,Arre}}Arabic. *{{#t:9,50682557,Arre}}{{#t:9,50682557,Arre}}[http://www.kurdiu.org/ Kurdish Islamic Union.]{{#t:9,50682557,Arre}} In {{#t:8,50682557,Arre}}Kurdish, {{#t:7,50682557,Arre}}English {{#t:6,50682557,Arre}}and {{#t:3,50682557,Arre}}Arabic. *{{#t:6,261691979,Neuer NoName}}{{#t:6,261691979,Neuer NoName}}[http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-584/i.html/ The Economic Policy of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood]{{#t:7,261691979,Neuer NoName}} Qantara.{{#t:8,261691979,Neuer NoName}}de *{{#t:10,285842602,81.173.180.83}}{{#t:10,285842602,81.173.180.83}}[http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-1139/i.html Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood and Iran: Rapprochement between Sunnis and Shiites?]{{#t:10,310192548,Esowteric}} *{{#t:10,310192548,Esowteric}}{{#t:10,310192548,Esowteric}}[http://www.jihadwatch.org/ Jihad Watch]{{#t:6,329673591,78.34.19.155}} *{{#t:4,329673591,78.34.19.155}}{{#t:4,329673591,78.34.19.155}}[http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-1257/i.html The Muslim Brotherhood: Struggling to Steer a Democratic Course]{{#t:4,410962021,Kobac}} {{#t:4,410962021,Kobac}}{{2010–2011 Arab world protests}}{{#t:4,391969888,Lihaas}} {{#t:4,391969888,Lihaas}}{{Egyptian political parties}}{{#t:9,46285092,Dhartung}} {{#t:9,46285092,Dhartung}}[[Category:Islam in Egypt]]{{#t:10,158644905,GLGerman}} {{#t:10,158644905,GLGerman}}[[Category:Islamic history]]{{#t:10,18924227,AI}} {{#t:10,18924227,AI}}[[Category:Islamic political parties]]{{#t:10,81337969,Quaiqu}} {{#t:10,81337969,Quaiqu}}[[Category:Islamist groups]]{{#t:10,217724303,Elmondo21st}} {{#t:10,217724303,Elmondo21st}}[[Category:Political parties established in 1928]]{{#t:4,217724303,Elmondo21st}} {{#t:4,217724303,Elmondo21st}}[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood]]{{#t:4,338626256,Elmondo21st}} {{#t:4,338626256,Elmondo21st}}[[Category:Russian Federal Security Service designated terrorist organizations]]{{#t:4,410962098,Kobac}} {{#t:4,410962098,Kobac}}[[Category:2010–2011 Arab world protests]]{{#t:4,366315664,AstaBOTh15}} {{#t:4,366315664,AstaBOTh15}}{{Link GA|ar}}{{#t:10,220810220,SashatoBot}} {{#t:10,220810220,SashatoBot}}[[ar:الإخوان المسلمون]]{{#t:10,73109641,Kseferovic}} {{#t:10,73109641,Kseferovic}}[[bs:Muslimansko bratstvo]]{{#t:10,22287922,RobotE}} {{#t:10,22287922,RobotE}}[[bg:Мюсюлманско братство]]{{#t:10,302535974,Numbo3-bot}} {{#t:10,302535974,Numbo3-bot}}[[ca:Germans Musulmans]]{{#t:10,358831205,ArthurBot}} {{#t:10,358831205,ArthurBot}}[[cs:Muslimské bratrstvo]]{{#t:10,363561980,Luckas-bot}} {{#t:10,363561980,Luckas-bot}}[[da:Det muslimske broderskab]]{{#t:10,22287922,RobotE}} {{#t:10,22287922,RobotE}}[[de:Muslimbrüder]]{{#t:4,22287922,RobotE}} {{#t:4,22287922,RobotE}}[[es:Hermanos Musulmanes]]{{#t:4,411437485,SassoBot}} {{#t:4,411437485,SassoBot}}[[eu:Anaia Musulmanak]]{{#t:4,358282124,Xqbot}} {{#t:4,358282124,Xqbot}}[[fa:اخوان‌المسلمین]]{{#t:10,22287922,RobotE}} {{#t:10,22287922,RobotE}}[[fr:Frères musulmans]]{{#t:10,136920011,Ivan Bajlo}} {{#t:10,136920011,Ivan Bajlo}}[[hr:Muslimansko bratstvo]]{{#t:10,177363685,68.228.73.112}} {{#t:10,177363685,68.228.73.112}}[[id:Ikhwanul Muslimun]]{{#t:10,22287922,RobotE}} {{#t:10,22287922,RobotE}}[[it:Fratelli musulmani]]{{#t:10,22287922,RobotE}} {{#t:10,22287922,RobotE}}[[he:האחים המוסלמים]]{{#t:4,219544034,AlleborgoBot}} {{#t:4,219544034,AlleborgoBot}}[[la:Fratres musulmani]]{{#t:4,411009768,Idioma-bot}} {{#t:4,411009768,Idioma-bot}}[[lt:Musulmonų Brolija]]{{#t:4,37372773,Mathae}} {{#t:4,37372773,Mathae}}[[hu:Muszlim Testvériség]]{{#t:10,224053904,SieBot}} {{#t:10,224053904,SieBot}}[[ms:Ikhwanul Muslimun]]{{#t:10,22287922,RobotE}} {{#t:10,22287922,RobotE}}[[nl:Moslimbroederschap]]{{#t:10,140890283,Kobotbel}} {{#t:10,140890283,Kobotbel}}[[ja:ムスリム同胞団]]{{#t:10,362709202,LaaknorBot}} {{#t:10,362709202,LaaknorBot}}[[no:Det muslimske brorskapet]]{{#t:10,143100141,AlnoktaBOT}} {{#t:10,143100141,AlnoktaBOT}}[[nn:Det muslimske brorskapet]]{{#t:10,383016719,EmausBot}} {{#t:10,383016719,EmausBot}}[[pnb:اخوان المسلمین]]{{#t:10,169274926,SieBot}} {{#t:10,169274926,SieBot}}[[ps:اخوان المسلمون]]{{#t:10,169274926,SieBot}} {{#t:10,169274926,SieBot}}[[pl:Bracia Muzułmańscy]]{{#t:10,327016694,Dinamik-bot}} {{#t:10,327016694,Dinamik-bot}}[[pt:Irmandade Muçulmana]]{{#t:8,43377966,YurikBot}} {{#t:8,43377966,YurikBot}}[[ru:Братья-мусульмане]]{{#t:8,403855284,Luckas-bot}} {{#t:8,403855284,Luckas-bot}}[[simple:Muslim Brotherhood]]{{#t:8,218879341,83.249.145.164}} {{#t:8,218879341,83.249.145.164}}[[sr:Муслиманско братство]]{{#t:10,39560823,81.17.197.133}} {{#t:10,39560823,81.17.197.133}}[[fi:Muslimiveljeskunta]]{{#t:10,46725611,YurikBot}} {{#t:10,46725611,YurikBot}}[[sv:Muslimska brödraskapet]]{{#t:10,298084240,TXiKiBoT}} {{#t:10,298084240,TXiKiBoT}}[[th:อิควานมุสลิมีน]]{{#t:10,378511585,TXiKiBoT}} {{#t:10,378511585,TXiKiBoT}}[[tg:Ал-ихван ал-муслимун]]{{#t:3,169274926,SieBot}} {{#t:3,169274926,SieBot}}[[tr:Müslüman Kardeşler]]{{#t:3,411787463,ChuispastonBot}} {{#t:3,411787463,ChuispastonBot}}[[uk:Брати мусульмани]]{{#t:3,74374022,Wahabijaz}} {{#t:3,74374022,Wahabijaz}}[[ur:اخوان المسلمین]]{{#t:10,335276866,RibotBOT}} {{#t:10,335276866,RibotBOT}}[[wa:Frés moslimîs]]{{#t:10,153826226,LordAnubisBOT}} {{#t:10,153826226,LordAnubisBOT}}[[yi:מוסלעם ברידערשאפט]]{{#t:10,152520154,Hardys}} {{#t:10,152520154,Hardys}}[[zh-yue:穆斯林兄弟會]]{{#t:10,368966895,Luckas-bot}} {{#t:10,368966895,Luckas-bot}}[[zh:穆斯林兄弟會]]{{#t:10,368966895,Luckas-bot}}